FYBA – Sem – II Hindi Ancillary ( प्रथम वर्ष कला – सत्र – II – हिंदी ऐच्छिक )-munotes

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BH$mB© 1
MrZr ’o$ar dmbm (aoIm{MÌ) - ‘hmXodr d‘m©
BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm
1.1boIH$ n[aM¶
1.2BH$mB© H$m gmam§e
1.3g§X^©g{hV ì¶m»¶m
1.4~moY àíZ
1.5cKwÎmar¶ àíZ
1.1 coIH$ H$m n[aM¶
‘hmXodr Or H$m OÝ‘ 26 ‘mM© gZ² 1907 B©.‘| ’$é©Im~mX ‘| hþAm Wm&
CZHo$ {nVm àmܶmnH$ Wo, ZmZm ~«O^mfm Ho$ H${d Wo, ‘mVm ^º$ öX¶ ‘{hbm Wr&
BZ g^r Ho$ à^md Zo ‘hmXodr d‘m© H$mo EH$ g’$b àmܶmnH$ d ^mdwH$ H$d{¶Ìr
~Zm {X¶m& 1965 ‘| AdH$me J«hU H$aZo Ho$ ~mX do new-n{j¶m| Am¡a ‘Zwî¶m| H$s
godm Ed§ gm{h˶ gmYZm ‘| ‘JZ ahZo bJr&
‘hmXodr Or Zo Mm±X Zm‘H$ n{ÌH$m H$m g§nmXZ H$a Cgo à{V{ð>V ^r {H$¶m&
BZH$s AZoH$ aMZmE± g‘¶-g‘¶ na nwañH¥$V hmoVr ahr h¢& BÝhm|Zo Bbmhm~mX ‘|
"gm{h˶H$ma g§gX' Zm‘H$ g§ñWm H$s ñWmnZm H$s& BZHo$ gm{hp˶H$ godm go à^m{dV
hmoH$a BÝh| nÙlr H$s Cnm{Y go Ab§H¥$V {H$¶m J¶m&
‘hmXodr Or gm¡å¶, H$éUm‘¶r, ^mdwH$-öX¶m Am¡a dËgbm Zmar h¡& do {MÌH$m[aVm
‘| ^r AnZm bmohm ‘Zdm MwH$s h¢& do g‘mO H$s ¶WmW© pñW{V¶m| H$mo Á¶m| H$m ˶m|
g‘mO Ho$ gm‘Zo aIZo ‘| gj‘ ahr h¢& gZ² 1983 ‘| CÎma àXoe gaH$ma Zo CÝh|
EH$ bmI én¶o H$m ^maV-^maVr nwañH$ma XoH$a gå‘m{ZV {H$¶m& Bgr df© CZHo$
H$mì¶ g§J«h "¶m‘m' Ho$ {bE CÝh| S>o‹T> bmI énE H$m kmZnrR> nwañH$ma àXmZ {H$¶m
J¶m&
H¥${V¶m± … ‘hmXodr Or H$m H¥${VËd JwUmË‘H$ Ñ{ï> go Vmo g‘¥ÜX h¡ hr, qH$Vw n[aUm‘
H$s Ñ{ï> go ^r CgH$m H$moB© {dH$ën Zht h¡& BZH$s aMZmE± Bg àH$ma h¢-
{Z~§Y g§J«h… jUXm, l¥§Ibm H$s H${S>¶m± VWm gm{h˶H$ma H$s AmñWm VWm {Z~§Y&
aoIm{MÌ-g§J«h… AVrV Ho$ Mb{MÌ, nW Ho$ gmW, ñ‘¥{V H$s aoImE± Am¡a ‘oam n[adma&
H${dVm-g§J«h… Z r h m a , a p í ‘ , g m Ü ¶ J r V , ¶ m ‘ m A m ¡ a X r n { e I m &munotes.in

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"{hÝXr H$m {ddoMZmË‘H$ JÚ' ‘o§ H$B© H$mì¶J«§Wm| H$s ^y{‘H$mE± Am¡a Hw$N> ’w$Q>H$a AmbmoMZmË‘H$
ì¶{º$Ëd {XImB© XoVm h¡&
‘hmXodr Or Zo "Mm±X' Am¡a "AmYw{ZH$ H${d' Zm‘H$ n{ÌH$mAm| H$m g’$b gånmXZ
^r {H$¶m h¡&
BZH$s ‘¥Ë¶w 11 {gV§~a 1987 H$mo hþB© Wr &
1.2 "MrZr ’o$ardmbm' H$m gmam§e…
bo{IH$m ‘hmXodr d‘m© Zo MrZr ’o$ardmbm Zm‘H$ aoIm{MÌ Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go EH$
Eogo ~ƒo Ho$ ê$n a§J, ZmH$-Z³em d dof^yfm H$m Am{X H$m C„oI H$aVr h¡, Omo
AnZr AOr{dH$m Ho$ {bE {df‘ n[apñW{V¶m| go OyPVo hþE Ka-Ka OmH$a AnZo gm‘Zo
H$mo ~oMVm h¡& dh bo{IH$m Ho$ X²dma na nhþ±MH$a ‘B¶m, ‘mVm, OrOr, {X{X¶m, {~{Q>¶m
Am{X Eogo g§~moYZm| H$m à¶moJ H$aVm h¡ Omo bo{IH$m H$mo {චh¢& BÝht go à^m{dV
hmoH$a bo{IH$m Cgo AnZo X²dma go dmng Zht OmZo XoVr h¡& nhbo Vmo bo{IH$m {dXoer
dñVwAm| H$mo XoIH$a {dM{bV hmo OmVr h¡ qH$Vw ~ƒo H$m ¶h Odm~ {H$ h‘ ³¶m
’$maZ h¢? h‘ Vmo Mm¶Zm go AmVm h¡& Omo bo{IH$m H$mo AnZo n‹S>mogr hmoZo H$m ~moY
H$am XoVm h¡& Bggo ^mdwH$ hmoH$a O~ bo{IH$m Cggo ^mB© H$m g§~§Y Omo‹S> XoVr h¡&
V^r bo{IH$m H$mo ¶mX AmVm h¡ {H$ ~MnZ ‘o§ Cgo CgH$s N>moQ>r Am±Im| Ho$ H$maU
MrZr H$hH$a nwH$mam OmVm Wm& BgHo$ ~mX pñW{V¶m± EH$ ZB© H$adQ> bo boVr h¢&
A~ bo{IH$m Z MmhVo hþE ^r EH$ ‘oOnmoe IarX boVr h¡&
BgHo$ níMmV ¶h {gb{gbm bJmVma Mb {ZH$bVm h¡& AJbo {XZ dh bo{IH$m
Ho$ {bE D$Xr a§J Ho$ S>moao ^ao ê$‘mb H$mo bo{IH$m Ho$ gm‘Zo aI XoVm h¡& BZ‘| ^a
’y$bm| go bo{IH$m MrZr Zmar H$s H$mo‘b C±J{b¶m| H$s H$bmË‘H$Vm VWm CZHo$ OrdZ
Ho$ A^md H$s H$éU H$hmZr H$mo ‘hgyg H$aVr h¡&
Bg ’o$ardmbo H$s H$hmZr ^r ~‹S>r hr ‘‘© ñneu h¡& {Ogo gwZmZo Ho$ {bE
dh ~‹S>m hr ì¶mHw$b ahVm h¡& Bg dº$ Cgo Bg ~mV H$s {~bHw$b ^r nadmh Zht
ahVr {H$ CgH$s ^mfm H$mo H$moB© g‘P nm ahm h¡ ¶m Zht& dh ~VVm h¡ {H$ CgH$s
‘m± CgHo$ OÝ‘ boVo hr BgH$m gmam ~moP BgH$s gmV gmb H$s ~hZ na N>mo‹S>H$a
Mbr JB©& {nVm Zo Xÿgar emXr H$a br& Bgr Ho$ gmW BZ ‘mV¥hrZm| H$s H$éU H$hZr
Ama§^ hmoVr hmoVr h¡& A^r dh nm±M gmb H$m hr hþAm Wm {H$ EH$ XþK©Q>Zm ‘| CgHo$
{nVm ^r Bg g§gma go Mb ~go&
BgHo$ níMmV dh XoIVm h¡ {H$ CgH$s {H$emoa ~hZ Ho$ g‘j {d‘mVm X²dmam
aIo JE àñVmd H$mo boH$a O~ d¡‘Zñ¶ ~‹T>Vm Wm Vmo BgH$m ~Xbm Cggo Z boH$a
CgHo$ A~moY ^mB© H$mo H$ï> XoH$a MwH$m¶m OmVm Wm& CgH$s ~hZ Amg-n‹S>mog go
‘m±J-‘m±JH$a AnZm d AnZo ^mB© noQ> ^aZo bJr& EH$ amV dh XoIVm h¡ {H$ CgH$s
{d‘mVm ~hZ H$s ‘¡br Hw$M¡br Xoh H$m H$m¶m nbQ> H$aZo ‘| bJr hþB© h¡& VËníMmVmunotes.in

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Cgo boH$a A§YH$ma ‘| Imo OmVr h¡& Am¡a O~ àmV… Am±I Iwbr Vmo ~hZ JR>ar H$s
Vah ^mB© Ho$ ‘ñVH$ na ‘wI aIH$a {gg{H$¶m± amoH$ ahr Wr& Cg {XZ go Cgo AÀN>m
^moOZ, H$n‹S>o d {Ibm¡Zo {‘bZo bJo&
~hZ H$m g§Ü¶m hmoVo hr H$m¶mnmbQ>, {’$a CgH$m AmYr amV H$mo ^mar n¡am|
bm¡Q>Zm VËníMmV {demb eara dmbr {d‘mVm H$m O§Jbr {~„r H$s Vah {~N>m¡Zo go
CN>bH$a CgHo$ hmWm| go ~Qw>dm N>rZ boZm Am{X H«$‘ MbZo bJm& EH$ amV O~ ~hZ
Ka Zht bm¡Q>r Vmo dh ~hZ H$s ImoO ‘| Ka go {ZH$b n‹S>Vm h¡& OJh-OJh ImoOZo
Ho$ ~mdOyX Cgo ~hZ Vmo Zht {‘br {H$ÝVw ñd¶§ dh {JahH$Q>m| (Oo~H$Vam|) Ho$ {Jamoh
Ho$ hmW bJ J¶m& ¶hm± Bgo Oo~H$VaZo Ho$ g^r JwU grImE JE& Bg Xb ‘| ~‘u,
MrZr Am¡a ñ¶m‘r Am{X g^r em{‘b Wo& O~ dh ¶hm± go Xr JB© {ejm H$mo ì¶dhma
‘| bmZo Ho$ {bE Ka go ~mha {ZH$bVm h¡ Vmo CgH$s ^oQ> CgHo$ {nVm go n[a{MV
EH$ ì¶mnmar go hmo OmVr h¡& Bg g§¶moJ Zo CgHo$ OrdZ H$s {Xem hr ~Xb Xr&
A~ dh H$n‹S>o H$s XþH$mZ na ì¶mnma go g§~§{YV JwUm| H$mo grIZo bJm& Bg H$bm
‘| dh Bg àH$ma Xj hþAm {OgH$s H$ënZm H$a nmZm ^r ‘wpíH$b h¡& AmO dh
Bg N>moQ>r gr C‘« ‘| hr g‘P J¶m h¡ {H$ YZ g§M¶ go g§~§Y aIZo dmbr g^r
{dÚmE± EH$-gr h¢& H$moB© BgH$m g§M¶ à{Vð>mnyd©H$ H$a ahm h¡ Vmo H$moB© {N>nH$a&
Bgr ~rM MrZr ’o$ardmbm ‘m{bH$ Ho$ H$m‘ go a§JyZ Am OmVm h¡& Xmo df©
VH$ H$bH$Îmm ‘| ahH$a Aݶ gm{W¶m| Ho$ g§Ho$V na Cgo Bg Amoa AmZo H$m AmXoe
{‘bm& A~ dh Bgr joÌ ‘| H$n‹S>o Ho$ ì¶mnma H$mo ~‹T>m ahm h¡& dh AnZr Xmo BÀN>mAm|
H$mo boH$a OrdZ Or ahm h¡ {Og‘| B©‘mZXma ~Zo ahZm Am¡a ~hZ H$mo Ty>±T> {ZH$mbZm
em{‘b h¡& Bg‘| EH$ H$s ny{V© dh ñd¶§ H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Xÿgar Ho$ {bE ^JdmZ ~wÜX
go àmW©Zm H$aVm h¡&
EH$ {XZ dh bo{IH$m go H$hVm h¡ {H$ dh b‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE MmBZm OmEJm& dhm±
go ~wbmdm Am¶m h¡& O~ bo{IH$m Zo Cggo nyN>m {H$ Vw‘Zo H$hm Wm dhm± Vmo Vwåhmam
H$moB© Zht h¡ {’$a ~wbmdm {H$gZo ^oOm V~ dh ~‹S>r ghOVm go H$hVm h¡ {H$ h‘ H$~
~mobm h‘mam MmBZm Zht h¡? ¶h gwZ bo{IH$m ñd¶§ Ho$ àíZ na hr b{‚mV hmo OmVr
h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ OmZo Ho$ {bE Hw$N> n¡gm| H$m à~§Y H$a Cgo Xo XoVr h¡& MrZr ’o$ardmbm
Iwer Ho$ ‘mao AnZm H$n‹S>mo § go ^am JO dht N>mo‹S>H$a Mbm OmVm h¡&
Bg àH$ma bo{IH$m Zo CgHo$ ~hZ H$mo H$^r Zht XoIm Wm qH$Vw MrZr ’o$ardmbo
d CgH$s ~hZ Ho$ {MÌ bo{IH$m Ho$ ñ‘¥{V nQ>b go {dñ‘¥V hmoZo H$m Zm‘ hr Zht
boVo h¡§& Bgr{bE MrZr ’o$ardmbo Ho$ JO d H$n‹S>mo H$mo bo{IH$m Zo CgH$s {ZemZr
Ho$ ê$n ‘| AnZo Ka na ghoOH$a aIm hþAm h¡&
1.3 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
AZwÀN>oX … ""Omo bmoJ ~mha {dewÜX IÔaYmar hmoVo h¡§ do ^r {dXoer aoe‘ Ho$ WmZ
IarXH$a aIVo h¢, Bgr go Vmo Xoe H$s CÞ{V Zht hmoVr- V~ ‘¢ ~‹S>o H$ï> go h±gr
amoH$ gH$s&''munotes.in

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g§X^© :
àñVwV A§e h‘mar nmR²>¶ nwñVH$ JX²¶ {d{dYm Ho$ MrZr ’o$ardmbm Zm‘H$
aoIm{MÌ go {b¶m J¶m h¡& {Ogo ‘hmXodr d‘m© Or Zo {bIm h¡&
àg§J …
àñVwV A§e ‘| EH$ IÔaYmar ^º$ AkmZVm ~g bo{IH$m na {dXoer H$n‹S>o
aIZo H$m Amamon bJmVm h¡&
ì¶m»¶m …
àñVwV A§e ‘| bo{IH$m AnZo ‘w±h~mobo ^mB© H$s ¶mX H$mo g§OmoH$a aIVr h¡&
¶h ‘w±h~mobm ^mB© MrZr ’o$ardmbm h¡& Omo h‘oem bo{IH$m Ho$ {bE Hw$N> Z Hw$N> boH$a
AmVm h¡& O~ dh h‘oem Ho$ {bE MrZ OmZo H$m {ZíM¶ H$aVm h¡ Vmo bo{IH$m CgHo$
{bE Hw$N> én¶m| H$s ì¶dñWm H$a XoVr h¡& {Oggo dh ~hþV Iwe hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a
AnZm H$n‹S>o go ^am JO bo{IH$m Ho$ nmg N>mo‹S>H$a Mbm OmVm h¡&
bo{IH$m Bg JO ‘| go Hw$N> H$n‹S>o Ho$ WmZ {ZH$mbH$a J«m‘rUm| Ho$ ~ƒm| Ho$
{bE Hw$V} ~Zm-~Zm H$a ^oO XoVr h¡& O~ Cg‘| {g’©$ VrZ WmZ H$n‹S>o ~M OmVo
h¢ Vmo dh CÝh| MrZr ’o$ardmbo H$s ¶mXJma Ho$ ê$n ‘| AnZo Ab‘mar ‘| aI XoVr
h¡& bo{H$Z Hw$N> {XZm| ~mX O~ EH$ IÔa ^º$ H$s ZOa BZ {dXoer WmZm| na n‹S>Vr
h¡ Vmo dh 춧½¶ H$aVo hþE H$hVm h¡ {H$ Omo bmoJ IwX H$mo {dewÜX IÔaYmar H$hVo
h¡§ do ^r {dXoer aoe‘ Ho$ WmZ IarXH$a aIVo h¢& ¶h gwZ bo{IH$m AnZr h±gr
H$mo amoH$Zo ‘| g’$b hmo OmVr h¡& bo{IH$m H$mo MrZr ’o$ardmbo Ho$ AnZo Ka nhþ±MZo
H$m gwI ‘hgyg hmoVm h¡& Omo Cgo AØþV AmZ§X H$s AZw^y{V H$amVm h¡&
{deof … 1. bo{IH$m H$m ^«mV¥Ëd ào‘ {XImB© XoVm h¡&
2. pñW{V¶m| H$mo OmZo {~Ja eH$ H$aZm AÀN>r ~mV Zht hmoVr h¡&
1.4 ~moY àíZ
àíZ … "MrZr ’o$ardmbm' aoIm{MÌ H$m CÔoí¶ ñnï> H$s{OE&
CÎma … AnZr noQ> H$s AmJ ~wPmZo Ho$ {bE à˶oH$ ì¶{º$ H$mo Hw$N>-Z-Hw$N> H$m¶©
H$aZm hmoVm h¡ bo{H$Z Cgo Bg ~mV H$m ܶmZ aIZm hmoVm h¡ {H$ CgHo$ H$m¶m}
go {H$gr H$m H$moB© ZwH$gmZ Z hmo& Eogo H$m¶© gH$mamË‘H$ H$m¶© H$hbmVo h¢§& R>rH$
Bgr Vah EH$ MrZr ’o$ardmbm bo{IH$m Ho$ X²dma na nhþ±MH$a ‘B¶m, ‘mVm, OrOr,
{X[X¶m, {~{Q>¶m Am{X Eogo g§~moYZm| H$m à¶moJ H$aVm h¡ Omo bo{IH$m H$mo {චh¢&
BÝht go à^m{dV hmoH$a bo{IH$m Cgo AnZo X²dma go {Zame hmoH$a dmng Zht OmZo
XoVr h¡& nhbo Vmo bo{IH$m {dXoer dñVwAm| H$mo XoIH$a {dM{bV hmo OmVr h¡ qH$Vw
~ƒo H$m ¶h Odm~ {H$ h‘ ³¶m ’$maZ h¢? h‘ Vmo MBZm go AmVm h¡& Omo bo{IH$mmunotes.in

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H$mo AnZo n‹S>mogr hmoZo H$m ~moY H$am XoVm h¡& Bggo ^mdwH$ hmoH$a O~ bo{IH$m Cggo
^mB© H$m g§~§Y Omo‹S> XoVr h¡& V^r bo{IH$m H$mo ¶mX AmVm h¡ {H$ ~MnZ ‘| Cgo
CgH$s N>moQ>r Am±Im| Ho$ H$maU MrZr H$hH$a nwH$mam OmVm Wm& BgHo$ ~mX pñW{V¶m±
EH$ ZB© H$adQ> bo boVr h¢& A~ bo{IH$m Z MmhVo hþE ^r Cggo EH$ ‘oOnmoe IarX
boVr h¡&
Bg ’o$ardmbo H$r H$hmZr ^r ~‹S>r hr ‘‘© ñneu h¡& {Ogo gwZmZo Ho$ {bE
dh ~‹S>m hr ì¶mHw$b ahVm h¡& Bg dº$ Cgo Bg ~mV H$s {~bHw$b ^r nadmh Zht
ahVr {H$ CgH$s ^mfm H$mo H$moB© g‘P nm ahm h¢ ¶m Zht& dh ~VmVm h¡ {H$ CgH$s
‘m± CgHo$ OÝ‘ boVo hr BgH$m gmam ~moP BgH$s gmV gmb H$s ~hZ na N>mo‹S>H$a
Mbr JB©& {nVm Zo Xÿgar emXr H$a br& Bgr Ho$ gmW BZ ‘mV¥hrZm| H$s H$éU H$hmZr
Ama§^ hmoVr hmoVr h¡& A^r dh nm±M gmb H$m hr hþAm Wm {H$ EH$ XþK©Q>Zm ‘| CgHo$
{nVm ^r Bg g§gma go Mb ~go&
BgHo$ níMmV dh XoIVm h¡ {H$ CgH$s {H$emoa ~hZ Ho$ g‘j {d‘mVm X²dmam
aIo JE àñVmd H$mo boH$a O~ d¡‘Zñ¶ ~‹T>Vm Wm Vmo BgH$m ~Xbm Cggo Z boH$a
CgHo$ A~moY ^mB© H$mo H$ï> XoH$a MwH$m¶m OmVm Wm& CgH$s ~hZ Amg-n‹S>mog go
‘m±J-‘m±JH$a AnZm d AnZo ^mB© H$m noQ> ^aZo bJr& EH$ amV dh XoIVm h¡ {H$
CgH$s {d‘mVm ~hZ H$s ‘¡br Hw$M¡br Xoh H$m H$m¶m nbQ> H$aZo ‘| bJr hþB© h¡&
VËníMmV Cgo boH$a A§YH$ma ‘| Imo OmVr h¡& Am¡a O~ àmV… Am±I Iwbr Vmo ~hZ
JR>ar H$s Vah ^mB© Ho$ ‘ñVH$ na ‘wI aIH$a {gg{H$¶m± amoH$ ahr Wr& Cg {XZ
go Cgo AÀN>m ^moOZ, H$n‹S>o d {Ibm¡Zo {‘bZo bJo ~hZ H$m g§Ü¶m hmoVo hr H$m¶mnmbQ>,
{’$a CgH$m AmYr amV H$mo ^mar n¡am| bm¡Q>Zo VËníMmV {demb eara dmbr {d‘mVm
H$m O§Jbr {~„r H$s Vah {~N>m¡Zo go CN>bH$a CgHo$ hmWm| go ~Qw>dm N>rZ boZm Am{X
H«$‘ MbZo bJm& EH$ amV O~ ~hZ Ka Zht bm¡Q>Vr Vmo dh ~hZ H$s ImoO ‘| Ka
go {ZH$b n‹S>Vm h¡& OJh-OJh ImoOZo Ho$ ~mdOyX Cgo ~hZ Vmo Zht {‘br {H$ÝVw
ñd¶§ dh {JahH$Q>m| (Oo~H$Vam|) Ho$ {Jamoh Ho$ hmW bJ J¶m& ¶hm± Bgo Oo~ H$VaZo
Ho$ g^r JwU {gImE JE& Bg Xb ‘| ~‘u, MrZr Am¡a ñ¶m‘r Am{X g^r em{‘b
Wo& O~ dh ¶hm± go Xr JB© {ejm H$mo ì¶dhma ‘| bmZo Ho$ {bE Ka go ~ha {ZH$bVm
h¢ Vmo CgH$s ^o§Q> CgHo$ {nVm Ho$ n[a{MV EH$ ì¶mnmar go hmo OmVr h¡& Bg g§¶moJ
Zo CgHo$ OrdZ H$s {Xem hr ~Xb Xr& A~ dh H$n‹S>o H$s XþH$mZ na ì¶mnma go
g§~§{YV Jwam| H$mo grIZo bJm& Bg H$bm ‘| dh Bg àH$ma Xj hþAm {H$ {OgH$s
H$ënZm H$a nmZm ^r ‘wpíH$b h¡& AmO dh Bg N>moQ>r gr C‘« ‘| hr g‘P J¶m
h¡ {H$ YZ g§M¶ go g§§~§Y aIZo dmbr g^r {dX²¶mE± EH$-gr h¢& H$moB© BgH$m g§M¶
à{Vð>mnyd©H$ H$a ahm h¡ Vmo H$moB© {N>nH$a&
EH$ {XZ dh bo{IH$m go H$hVm h¡ {H$ dh b‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE Mm‹ BZm OmEJm& dhm±
go ~wbdm Am¶m h¡& O~ bo{IH$m Zo Cggo nyN>m {H$ Vw‘Zo Vmo H$hm Wm dhm± Vwåhmam
H$moB© Zht h¡ {’$a ~wbmdm {H$gZo ^oOm V~ dh ~‹S>r ghOVm go H$hVm h¡ {H$ h‘ H$~munotes.in

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~mobm h‘mam Mm BZm Zht h¡? ¶h gwZ bo{IH$m ñd¶§ Ho$ àíZ na hr b{‚mV hmo OmVr
h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ OmZo Ho$ {bE Hw$N> n¡gm| H$m à~§Y H$a Cgo Xo XoVr h¡& MrZr ’o$ardmbm
Iwer Ho$ ‘mao AnZm H$n‹S>mo§ go ^a m JO dht N>mo‹S>H$a Mbm OmVm h¡&
Bg àH$ma bo{IH$m XoZo CgHo$ ~hZ H$mo H$^r Zht XoIm Wm qH$Vw MrZr ’o$ardmbo
JO d H$n‹S>mo H$mo bo{IH$m Zo CgH$s {ZemZr Ho$ ê$n ‘| AnZo Ka na ghoOH$a aIm
hþAm h¡&
g§^m{dV XrKm}Îmar
1. "MrZr ’o$ardmbm' Zm‘H$ aoIm{MÌ H$s g§doXZm H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
2. "MrZr ’o$ardmbm' Zm‘H$ aoIm{MÌ H$m gmam§e AnZo eãXm| ‘| {b{IE&
3. "MrZr ’o$ardmbm' Zm‘H$ aoIm{MÌ ‘| MrZr ’o$ardmbo H$s qMVm H$mo
A{^춺$ H$s{OE&
{Q>ßn{U¶m± {b{IE …
MrZr ’o$ardmbm … MrZr ’o$ardmbm Zm‘H$ aoIm{MÌ Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go bo{IH$m EH$ Eogo
~ƒo Ho$ ê$n a§J, ZmH$-Z³em d dof^yfm Am{X H$m C„oI H$aVr h¡, Omo AnZr A{O{dH$m
Ho$ {bE {df‘ n[apñW{V¶m| go OyPVo hþE Ka-Ka OmH$a AnZo gm‘mZ H$mo ~oMVm
h¡& dh bo{IH$m Ho$ X²dma na nhþ±MH$a ‘B¶m, ‘mVm, OrOr, {X{X¶m, {~{Q>¶m Am{X
Eogo g§~moYZm| go H$m à¶moJ H$aVm h¢ Omo bo{IH$m H$mo {චh¢& BÝht go à^m{dV hmoH$a
bo{IH$m Cgo AnZo X²dma go dmng Zht OmZo XoVr h¡& nhbo Vmo bo{IH$m {dXoer dñVwAm|
H$mo XoIH$a {dM{bV hmo OmVr h¡ qH$Vw ~ƒo H$m ¶h Odm~ {H$ h‘ ³¶m ’$maZ h¢?
h‘ Vmo MBZm go AmVm h¡&
MrZr Yyb go ‘Q>‘¡bo g’o$X {H$a{‘M Ho$ OyVo ‘| N>moQ>o n¡a {N>nmE ahVm Wm&
CgHo$ nVbyZ d nmOm‘o H$m gpå‘{lV n[aUm‘ O¡gm nOm‘m Am¡a Hw$Vm© nhZm hmoVm
Wm& CgHo$ nmg H$moQ> H$s EH$Vm Ho$ AmYma na {gbm H$moQ> ahVm Wm& CgH$s h¡Q>
CY‹S>o hþE {H$Zmam| go nwamZonZ H$s KmofUm H$aVo hþE CgHo$ AmYo ‘mWo H$mo T>H$s ahVr
Wr& CgH$r Xoh Xm‹S>r ‘yN> {dhrZ Xþ~br ZmQ>r Wr&
O~ dh AnZo gm‘mZ H$mo ~oMVm h¡ V~ Cgo Bg ~mV H$s {~bHw$b ^r nadmh
Zht ahVr {H$ CgH$s ^mfm H$mo H$moB© g‘P nm ahm h¡ ¶m Zht& dh ~VmVm h¡ {H$
CgH$s ‘m± CgHo$ OÝ‘ boVo hr CgH$m gmam ~moP CgH$s gmV gmb H$s ~hZ na
N>mo‹S>H$a Mbr JB©& {nVm Zo Xÿgar emXr H$a br& Bgr Ho$ gmW BZ ‘mV¥hrZm| H$s
H$éU H$hmZr Ama§^ hmoVr h¡& A^r dh nm±M gmb H$m hr hþAm Wm {H$ EH$ XþK©Q>Zm
‘| CgHo$ {nVm ^r Bg g§gma go Mb ~go&
BgHo$ níMmV dh XoIVm h¡ {H$ CgH$s {H$emoa ~hZ Ho$ g‘j {d‘mVm X²dmam
aIo JE àñVmd H$mo boH$a O~ d¡‘Zñ¶ ~‹T>Vm Wm Vmo BgH$m ~Xbm Cggo Z boH$amunotes.in

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Cggo A~moY ^mB© H$mo H$ï> XoH$a MwH$m¶m OmVm Wm& CgH$s ~hZ Amg-n‹S>mog go
‘m±J-‘m±JH$a AnZm d AnZo ^mB© noQ> ^aZo bJr& EH$ amV dh XoIVm h¡ {H$ CgH$s
{d‘mVm ~hZ H$s ‘¡br Hw$M¡br Xoh H$m H$m¶m nbQ> H$aZo ‘| bJr hþB© h¡& VËníMmV
Cgo boH$a A§YH$ma ‘| Imo OmVr h¡& Am¡a O~ àmV… Am±I Iwbr Vmo ~hZ JR>ar H$s
Vah ^mB© Ho$ ‘ñVH$ na ‘wI aIH$a {gg{H$¶m± amoH$ ahr Wr& Cg {XZ go Cgo AÀN>m
^moOZ, H$n‹S>o d {Ibm¡¡Zo {‘bZo bJo&
A~ dh H$n‹S>o H$s XþH$mZ na ì¶mnma go g§~§{YV JwUm| H$mo grIZo bJm&
Bg H$bm ‘| dh Bg àH$ma Xj hþAm {H$ {OgH$s H$ënZm H$a nmZm ^r ‘wpíH$b
h¡& AmO dh Bg N>moQ>r gr C‘« ‘| hr g‘P J¶m h¡ {H$ YZ g§M¶ go g§~§Y aIZo
dmbr g^r {dX²¶mE± EH$-gr h¢& H$moB© CgH$m g§M¶ à{Vð>mnyd©H$ H$a ahm h¡ Vmo H$moB©
{N>nH$a&
A~ dh Bgr joÌ ‘| H$n‹S>o Ho$ ì¶mnma H$mo ~‹T>mVm h¡& dh AnZr Xmo BÀN>mAm|
H$mo boH$a OrdZ Or ahm h¡ {Og‘| B©‘mZXma ~Zo ahZm Am¡a ~hZ H$mo Ty>±T> {ZH$mbZm
em{‘b h¡& Bg‘| EH$ H$s ny{V© dh ñd¶§ H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Xÿgar Ho$ {bE ^JdmZ ~wÜX
go àmW©Zm H$amVm h¡&
1.5 bKwÎmar¶ àíZ
(H$) bo{IH$m H$s g§doXZm&
(~) ImXr ^º$ H$s qMVm&
{Zpåb{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$ dm³¶ ‘| {b{IE …
1.MrZr ’o$ardmbm Zm‘H$ aoIm{MÌ {H$gZo {bIm?
CÎma … ‘hmXodr d‘m©
2.bo{IH$m Zo ^mB© eãX H$m à¶moJ {H$gHo$ {bE {H$¶m?
CÎma … MrZr ’o$ardmbo Ho$ {bE {H$¶m&
3.MrZr ’o$ardmbm nmHo$Q> ‘| Nw>nmH$a ³¶m bm¶m Wm?
CÎma … D$Xr a§J Ho$ S>moao Ho$ ’y$bm|§ go ^ao hþE é‘mb boH$a Am¶m Wm&
4.’o$ardmbo H$mo H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z gr ^mfmE± AmVr Wr?
CÎma … MrZr Am¡a ~‘u
5.MrZr Ho$ g§ajU H$s {Oå‘oXmar {H$g na Wr?
CÎma … CgH$s ~hZ na&
6.MrZr H$s ‘m± H$s ‘¥Ë¶w H$~ hþB©?
CÎma … MrZr H$mo OÝ‘ XoVo hr&
7.MrZr Ho$ AQy>Q> lÜXm {H$gHo$ à{V h¡?
CÎma … AnZr AZXoIr ‘m± Ho$ à{V&
8.{nVm H$s ‘¥Ë¶w Ho$ g‘¶ MrZr {H$VZo df© H$m Wm?
CÎma … nm±M&
H H HH H HH H HH H HH H Hmunotes.in

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BH$mB© 2
Orn na gdma B{„¶m± - eaX Omoer
BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm
2.1coIH$ H$m n[aM¶
2.2BH$mB© H$m gmam§e
2.3g§X^©g{hV ì¶m»¶m
2.4~moY àíZ / XrKm}Îmar àíZ
2.5cKwÎmar¶ àíZ
2.1 coIH$ H$m n[aM¶
{hÝXr OJV Ho$ à‘wI 춧½¶H$ma eaX Omoer H$m OÝ‘ ‘ܶ àXoe Ho$ C‚m¡Z
eha ‘| 21 ‘B© 1931 H$mo hþAm Wm& eaX Omoer àma§{^H$ Xm¡a ‘| Hw$N> g‘¶ VH$
gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar ‘| H$m¶©aV aho bo{H$Z ¶hm± BZH$m ‘Z A{YH$ g‘¶ VH$ Zht bJm&
AV… Hw$N> g‘¶ níMmV BÝhm|Zo Zm¡H$ar N>mo‹S>H$a boIZ H$mo hr AnZr AmOr{dH$m H$m
gmYZ ~Zm {b¶m& BÝhm|Zo 춧½¶ boIZ, 춧½¶ Cnݶmg Am¡a 춧½¶ H$m°b‘ Ho$ A{V[aº$
hmñ¶ 춧½¶nyU© Ymamdm{hH$m| H$s nQ>H$WmE± Am¡a g§dmX ^r {bIo& {hÝXr gm{h˶ OJV
‘| 춧½¶ boIZ H$mo à{Vð>m {XbmZo dmbo 춧½¶H$mam| ‘o§ eaX Omoer H$m ñWmZ ‘hÎdnyU©
ahm h¡& BÝhm|Zo AnZr aMZmAm| ‘| gm‘m{OH$ d amOZr{VH$ joÌ ‘| nmB© OmZo dmbr
{dg§J{V¶m| H$mo ~o~mH$s go {M{ÌV {H$¶m h¡&
BZH$s à‘wI H¥${V¶m| Ho$ A§VJ©V n[aH«$‘m, {H$gr ~hmZo, Orn na gdma B{„¶m±,
{Vbñ‘, ahm {H$Zmao ~¡R>, Xÿgar gVh Am¡a à{V{XZ Am{X h¢& BZHo$ ZmQ>H$m| ‘| "A§Ym|
H$m hmWr' Am¡a "EH$ Wm JYm' h¢& Cnݶmg Ho$ A§VJ©V ‘¢, ‘¢, Ho$db ‘¢, C’©$ H$‘b‘wI
~r.E. C„oIZr¶ h¢&
BZH$s ‘¥Ë¶w gZ² 1991 H$mo hþB© Wr&
2.2 "Orn na gdma B{„¶m±' gmam§e …
"Orn na gdma B{„¶m±' ‘| 춧½¶H$ma eaX Omoer Zo Zm¡H$aemhr ì¶dñWm na
H$amam 춧½¶ {H$¶m h¡& CÝhm|Zo BgHo$ A§VJ©V ~Vm¶m h¡ {H$ gaH$ma X²dmam Vah-Vah
H$s ¶moOZmE± ~ZmB© OmVr h¢& {OZ na bmIm|-H$amo‹S>m| én¶o IM© {H$E OmZo hmoVo h¢& BZ‘|
go Hw$N> ¶moOZmE± {H$gmZm| d ’$gbm| Ho$ {dH$mg go g§~§{YV hmoVr h¡& {OÝh| g‘¶ ahVo
{H$gmZm| VH$ nhþ±MmZm gaH$mar A{YH$m[a¶m| d H$‘©Mm[a¶m| H$s {Oå‘oXmar h¡&munotes.in

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춧½¶H$ma ~VmZm MmhVo h¢ {H$ AmOH$b AI~mam| ‘| MZo na B„r Zm‘H$
H$s‹S>o H$m bJZm gw{I©¶m| na h¡& ¶hm± VH$ H$s MZo Ho$ nm¡Yo na ~¡R>r B„r H$s Vñdra
^r N>nH$a Am JB© h¡& BgHo$ MbVo gaH$ma d gaH$mar ‘hH$‘o H$s nmob IwbH$a
ah JB© h¡& Bgr ~rM boIH$ AnZo EH$ ~wpÜX‘mZ {‘Ì go {‘bVm h¡ Am¡a CZHo$
~rM B„r H$mo boH$a MMm© hmoVr h¡& do Bbm Am¡a B„r ‘o§ A§Va ~VmVo hþE H$hVo h¢
{H$ "Bbm' AÞ H$s A{Yð>mÌr Xodr h¡ AWm©V n¥Ïdr& "B„r' AÞ H$s Zï>mWu Xodr&
gmW hr ¶h ^r ~Vm¶m {H$ ¶o B„r Bgr Bbm H$s ~o{Q>¶m± h¢& Am¡a AnZr ‘m± H$s
H$‘mB© Im ahr h¢& V^r boIH$ H$s nwÌr B„r g§~§Yr kmZ H$m n[aM¶ XoVo hþE H$hVr
h¡ {H$ "àmH¥${VH$ {dkmZ' ^mJ Mma ‘| ~Vm¶m J¶m h¡ {H$ B„r go {VVbr ~ZVr h¡&
{VVbr Omo ’y$bm| na ‘S>amVr h¢ ag nrVr h¡ Am¡a C‹S> OmVr h¢&
Bgr Xm¡amZ AI~mam| Ho$ emoa Ho$ MbVo ZoVmAm| Ho$ ^mfU ewê$ hmo OmVo h¡§&
n[aUm‘ ñdê$n gaH$ma OmJr, ‘§Ìr OmJo, A’$ga OmJo Am¡a ’$mBb| IwbZo bJr&
ZrX ‘| Py‘Vo A{YH$mar d H$m¶©H$Vm© Ka go ~mha {ZH$b AmE Am¡a Jm±dm| H$s Amoa
~‹T>Zo bJo& Bg àH$ma B„r H$m ‘m‘bm {X„r VH$ nhþ±M J¶m& {X„r go AmXoe nhþ±MVo
hr IoVm| ‘| Xdm H$m {N>‹S>H$md H$aZo Ho$ {bE hdmB© OhmOm| H$s ì¶dñWm H$s JB©&
hobrH$m°ßQ>a ‘°S>amZo bJo& {H$gmZ AmíM¶© M{H$V hþE& {dnj Zo Bg ~mV H$mo ñdrH$ma
H$a {b¶m {H$ ¶{X IoVm| ‘| hdmB© OhmO X²dmam Bgr àH$ma Xdm H$m {N>‹S>H$md hmoVm
ahm Vmo CZH$s O‹S>o§ gm’$ hmoZo ‘| Á¶mXm Xoa Zht bJoJr& bo{H$Z Hw$N> g‘PXma bmoJm|
na Bg MhbH$X‘r H$m H$moB© à^md Zht n‹S>Vm h¡§& do OmZVo h¡ {H$ Bbo³eZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ
Bg Vah H$s Mhb H$X‘r hmoVr hr ahr h¡&
AmJo boIH$ ~VmVo h¢ {H$ EH$ {XZ B„r-CÝ‘ybZ H$s àJ{V hoVw H¥${f-A{YH$mar
AmVo h¢& Bg Xm¡ao ‘| boIH$ Ho$ {‘Ì Zo boIH$ H$mo ^r gmW bo {b¶m& boIH$ H$mo
^r AnZr e§H$m H$m g‘mYmZ H$aZm Wm {H$ MZo Ho$ IoV hmoVo h¢ ¶m no‹S>& amñVo ^a
‘Zwî¶ H$s àH¥${V Ho$ AZwHy$b boIH$ H$m {‘Ì AmJ§VwH$ A{YH$mar go AnZo {d^mJ
Ho$ Aݶ A{YH$m[a¶m| H$s ~wamB¶m± H$aVm h¡& O~ do MZo Ho$ IoV na nhþ±MVo h¢ Vmo
XoIVo h§¡ {H$ MZo Ho$ IoV Ho$ nmg EH$ N>moQ>m A’$ga BZH$m B§VOma H$a ahm h¡& AmO
boIH$ H$mo nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ MZo Ho$ no‹S> Zht ~pëH$ IoV hmoVo h¢&
BgHo$ ~mX ~‹S>m A{YH$mar N>moQ>o A’$ga go IoVm| H$m ‘wAmBZm H$aVo hþE Omo
^r àíZ nyN>Vm h¡ dh CgH$s hm ‘| hm {‘bmVm ahVm h¡& O¡go
Bg IoV ‘| Vmo B{„¶m| Zht h¢? ~‹S>o A’$ga Zo nyN>m&
Or Zht h¢& N>moQ>m A’$ga ~mobm&
Hw$N> Vmo ZOa Am aht h¢&
Or hm±, Hw$N> Vmo h¢& Am{X& Bgr Vah H$s ~mVm| Ho$ níMmV ~‹S>m A{YH$mar hþ³‘
XoVm h¢ ‘wPo MZm Mm{hE ham& N>moQ>m A’$ga Or hm± H$hVo hr EH$ {H$gZ H$mo S>amVomunotes.in

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Y‘H$mVo hþE H$hVm h¡ {H$ Oam ham-ham MZm N>m±Q>H$a gmh~ H$s Orn na aIdm
Xo& Hw$N> hr Xoa ‘| Orn na MZo H$m T>oa ~Z J¶m Am¡a h‘mao admZm hmoVo hr {H$gmZ
Zo amhV H$s gm±g br Am¡a h‘ VrZm| MZm ImZo bJo& V~ EH$mEH$ ‘wPo bJm Orn
na VrZ B{„¶m± gdma h¢ Omo IoVm| H$s Amoa go Mbr Om ahr h¢& V~ boIH$ H$mo
Ehgmg hmoVm h¡ {H$ Xoe ‘| Eogr hr bmIm| B{„¶m± h¢ Omo {g’©$ MZm hr Zht Im
ahr h¢ ~pëH$ Xoe H$m g~ Hw$N> S>H$ma boZm MmhVo h¢&
Bg àH$ma boIH$ Zo Xoe ‘| ì¶á ^«ï>mMma H$mo 춧JmË‘H$ àñVw{V Ho$ gmW
Xoedm{g¶m| Ho$ g‘j aIZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m h¡& gmW hr g‘ñV amOZoVm, A{YH$mar
d H$‘©Mm[a¶m| H$s H$m¶© nÜX{V H$s nmob ImobH$a aI Xr h¡&
2.3 g§X^©g{hV ì¶m»¶m :
AZwÀN>oX …
""AI~mam| ‘| emoa hþAm {H$ MZo ‘| B„r bJ JB© h¡ Am¡a gaH$ma gmo ahr
h¡ dJ¡ah&''
g§X^© …
àñVwV A§e h‘mar nmR²>¶ nwñVH$ JX²¶ {d{dYm Ho$ "Orn na gdma B{„¶m±
Zm‘H$ 춧½¶ go {b¶m J¶m h¡& {Ogo eaX Omoer Or Zo {bIm h¡&'
àg§J …
àñVwV A§e Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go 춧½¶H$ma Zo gaH$mar H$m‘H$mO H$s nmob ImobH$a
aI Xr h¡&
ì¶m»¶m …
춧½¶H$ma Bg A§e Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go ~VmZm Mmh ah h¡ {H$ ~agmV Ho$ ‘m¡g‘
Ho$ AmZo d R>§S> ~‹T> OmZo na h‘mam gaH$mar ‘hH$‘m Ka na Amam‘ H$aZo H$aZo
bJVm h¡& Bg Xm¡amZ g‘¶ {~VmZo Ho$ {bE dh AnZo ghH${‘©¶m| H$mo hþ³‘ XoVo h¢
CZHo$ Ka na hao MZo nhþ±Mm {XE OmE±& {H$gmZ VH$ ¶h gyMZm nhþ±MVo hr S>a Ho$
‘mao dh ñd¶§ AnZo IoVm| Ho$ hao MZo BZHo$ Kam| VH$ nhþ±Mm XoVo h¢ Am¡a A{YH$mar
dJ© AI~mam| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go ¶h MMm© Mbm XoVo h¢ {H$ MZo Ho$ IoVm| na B{„¶m± bJ
JB© h¢ Vm{H$ {H$gmZm| Ho$ Zm‘ na Hw$N> amhV n¡Ho$O {ZH$mbm Om gHo$ Am¡a Cg‘| go
^r AnZm H$‘reZ {ZH$mbm Om gHo$&
Bg àH$ma boIH$ Zo gm‘m{OH$ ì¶dñWm H$s bJmVma {dH¥$V hmoVr Zr{V¶m| na
qMVm 춺$ H$s h¡& Am¡a g‘mO H$mo AmJmh {H$¶m {H$ ¶{X g‘¶ ahVo Bg na A§Hw$e
Zhr§ bJm¶m J¶m Vmo ¶o g‘mO Ho$ VWmH${WV ajH$ hr g‘mO Ho$ ^jH$ ~Z OmE±Jo&munotes.in

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[deof …
1.춧½¶H$ma Zo Xoe Ho$ {H$gmZm| H$s pñW{V H$mo A{^ì¶{º$ Xr h¡&
2.Xoe Ho$ ZoVmAm|, Zm¡H$aemh m| d AI~mam| H$s H$m¶© nÜX{V H$m nXm© ’$m e {H$¶m h¡&
2.4 ~moY àíZ
àíZ 1 "Orn na gdma B{„¶m±' Zm‘H$ 춧½¶ H$m CÔoí¶ {b{IE &
CÎma … "Orn na gdma B{„¶m±' Zm‘H$ 춧½¶ Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go eaX Omoer Or Zo EH$
Va’$ Xoe Ho$ {dH$mg H$s ~mJS>moa gå^mbo h‘mao amOZoVmAmo§ d gaH$mar A{YH$m[a¶m|
H$s H$m¶©nÜX{V H$m nXm© ’$me {H$¶m h¡ Vmo Xÿgar Va’$ {H$gmZm| H$r ¶WmW© pñW{V
H$mo A{^춺$ {H$¶m h¡& Vrgar Amoa bmoH$V§Ì H$m Mm¡Wm ñVå^ H$ho OmZo dmbo ‘r{S>¶m
H$s ^r nmob ImobH$a aI Xr h¡&
춧½¶H$ma ~VmZm MmhVo h¡§ {H$ AmO Xoe Ho$ {Oå‘oXma bmoJ {H$g àH$ma AnZoo
H$V©ì¶ go ‘w±h ‘mo‹S> boZo d {H$gmZm| H$s Am‹S> ‘| g‘mO H$m n¡gm MQ> H$aZo H$s ¶moOZmE±
~Zm boZo ‘| ‘m{ha hmo OmVo h¢& 춧½¶H$ma ~VmZm MmhVo h¢ {H$ AmOH$b AI~mam| ‘|
MZo na B„r Zm‘H$ H$s‹S>o H$m bJZm gw{I©¶m| na h¡& ¶hm± VH$ H$s MZo Ho$ nm¡Yo na
~¡R>r B„r H$s Vñdra ^r N>nH$a Am JB© h¡& BgHo$ MbVo gaH$ma d gaH$mar ‘hH$‘o
H$s nmob IwbH$a ah JB© h¡& ¶h nyam EH$ ZmQ>H$s¶ àH$aU Ho$ g‘mZ MbVm h¡&
Bgr ~rM boIH$ AnZo EH$ ~wpÜX‘mZ {‘Ì go {‘bVm h¡ Am¡a CZHo$ ~rM
B„r H$mo boH$a MMm© hmoVr h¡& do Bbm Am¡a B„r ‘| A§Va ~VmVo hþE H$hVo h¢ {H$
"Bbm' AÞ H$s A{Yð>mÌr Xodr h¡ AWm©V n¥Ïdr& "B„r' AÞ H$s Zï>mWu Xodr& gmW
hr ¶h ^r ~Vm¶m {H$ ¶o B„r Bgr Bbm H$s ~o{Q>¶m± h¢& Am¡a AnZr ‘m± H$s H$‘mB©
Im ahr h¢& V^r boIH$ H$s nwÌr B„r g§~§Yr kmZ H$m n[aM¶ XoVo hþE H$hVr h¡
{H$ "àmH¥${VH$ {dkmZ' ^mJ Mma ‘| ~Vm¶m J¶m h¡ {H$ B„r go {VVbr ~ZVr h¡&
{VVbr Omo ’y$bm| na ‘S>amVr h¢ ag nrVr h¡§ Am¡a CS> OmVr h¢&
A~ AI~mam| Ho$ emoa Ho$ MbVo ZoVmAm| Ho$ ^mfU ewê$ hmo OmVo h¢& n[aUm‘
ñdê$n gaH$ma OmJr, ‘§Ìr OmJo, A’$ga OmJo Am¡a ’$mBb| IwbZo bJr& ZtX ‘| Py‘Vo
A{YH$mar d H$m¶©H$Vm© Ka go ~mha {ZH$b AmE Am¡a Jmdm| H$s Amoa ~‹T>Zo bJo&
Bg àH$ma B„r H$m ‘m‘bm {X„r VH$ nhþ±M J¶m& {X„r go AmXoe nhþ±MVo hr IoVmo|
‘| Xdm H$m {N>‹S>H$md H$aZo Ho$ {bE hdmB© OhmOm| H$s ì¶dñWm H$s JB©& hobrH$m°ßQ>a
‘°S>amZo bJo& {H$gmZ AmíM¶© M{H$V hþE& {dnj Zo Bg ~mV H$mo ñdrH$ma H$a {b¶m
{H$ ¶{X IoVm| ‘| hdmB© OhmO X²dmam Bgr àH$ma Xdm H$m {N>‹S>H$md hmoVm ahm Vmo
CZH$s O‹S>o§ gm’$ hmoZo ‘| Á¶mXm Xoa Zht bJoJr& bo{H$Z Hw$N> g‘PXma bmoJm| na
Bg MhbH$X‘r H$m H$moB© à^md Zht n‹S>Vm h¡& do OmZVo h¡ {H$ Bbo³eZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ
Bg Vah H$s Mhb H$X‘r hmoVr hr ahr h¡&munotes.in

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Hw$N> g‘¶ níMmV EH$ {XZ B„r-CÝ‘ybZ H$s àJ{V hoVw H¥${f-A{YH$mar
AmVo h¢& Bg Xm¡a ‘| boIH$ Ho$ {‘Ì Zo boIH$ H$mo ^r gmW bo {b¶m& boIH$ H$mo
^r AnZr e§H$m H$m g‘mYmZ H$aZm Wm {H$ MZo Ho$ IoV hmoVo h¢ ¶m no‹S>& amñVo ^a
‘Zwî¶ H$s àH¥${V Ho$ AZwHy$b boIH$ H$m {‘Ì AmJ§VwH$ A{YH$mar go AnZo {d^mJ
Ho$ Aݶ A{YH$m[a¶m| H$s ~wamB¶m± H$aVm h¡& O~ do MZo Ho$ IoV na nhþ±MVo h¢ Vmo
XoIVo h¢ {H$ MZo Ho$ IoV Ho$ nmg EH$ N>moQ>m A’$ga BZH$m B§VOma H$a ahm h¡& V~
boIH$ XoIVm h¡ {H$ MZo Ho$ no‹S> Zht ~pëH$ IoV hmoVo h¢&
BgHo$ ~mX ~‹S>m A{YH$mar N>moQ>o A’$ga go IoVm| H$m ‘wAmBZm H$aVo hþE Omo
^r àíZ nyN>Vm h¡ dh CgH$s hm ‘| hm {‘bmVm ahVm h¡& O¡go Bg IoV ‘| Vmo B{„¶m±
Zht h¢ ? ~‹S>o A’$ga Zo nyN>m&
Or Zht h¢& N>moQ>m A’$ga ~mobm&
Hw$N> Vmo ZOa Am aht h¢&
Or hm±, Hw$N> Vmo h¢& Am{X& Bgr Vah H$s ~mVm| Ho$ níMmV ~‹S>m A{YH$mar hþ³‘
XoVm h¡ ‘wPo MZm Mm{hE ham& N>moQ>m A’$ga Or hm± H$hVo hr EH$ {H$gmZ H$mo S>amVo
Y‘H$mVo hþE H$hVm h¡ {H$ Oam ham-ham MZm N>m±Q>H$a gmh~ H$s Orn na aIdm
Xo& Hw$N> hr Xoa ‘| Orn na MZo H$m T>oa ~Z J¶m Am¡a h‘mao admZm hmoVo hr {H$gmZ
Zo amhV H$s gm±g br Am¡a h‘ VrZm| MZm ImZo bJo& V~ EH$mEH$ ‘wPo bJm Orn
na VrZ B{„¶m± gdma h¢ Omo IoVm| H$s Amoa go Mbr Om ahr h¢& V~ boIH$ H$mo
Ehgmg hmoVm h¡ {H$ Xoe ‘| Eogr hr bmIm| B{„¶m± h¢ Omo {g’©$ MZm hr Zht Im
ahr h¡ ~pëH$ Xoe H$m g~ Hw$N> S>H$ma boZm MmhVo h¢&
Bg àH$ma boIH$ H$m CÔoí¶ Xoe ‘| ì¶má ^«ï>mMma Ho$ {d{dY Am¶m‘m| H$s
Amoa Am‘ OZVm H$m ܶmZ AmH¥$ï> H$aZm h¡& dh Xoedm{g¶m| Ho$ g‘j g‘mO H$s
¶WmW© pñW{V H$mo aIZo H$m à¶mg H$aVm h¡& gmW hr h‘mao ^«ï> amOZoVm, A{YH$mar
d H$‘©Mm[a¶m| H$s H$m¶© nÜX{V H$s nmob ImobH$a aI XoVm h¢&
g§^m{dV XrKm}Îmar àíZ …
1."Orn na gdma B{„¶m±' Zm‘H$ 춧½¶ H$s g§doXZm H$mo ñnï> H$s{OE&
2."Orn na gdma B{„¶m±' Zm‘H$ 춧½¶ H$m gmam§e AnZo eãXm| ‘| {b{IE&
3."Orn na gdma B{„¶m±' Zm‘H$ 춧½¶ ‘| boIH$ H$s qMVm H$mo A{^춺$ H$s{OE&
{Q>ßn{U¶m± {b{IE …
B„r H$m n[aM¶ …
B„r EH$ àH$ma H$m MZo ‘| bJZo dmbm H$s‹S>m hmoVm h¡& 춧½¶H$ma Zo O~
go EH$ Va’$ ¶h gwZm Wm {H$ "g‘YZ Voar Kmo‹S>r MZo Ho$ IoV ‘|' Am¡a Xÿgar Va’$munotes.in

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"MZo Ho$ Pm‹S> ‘| M‹T>Zo dmbr ~mV'& V~ go 춧½¶H$ma h‘oem Bg Xþ{dYm ‘| ahVm
Wm {H$ MZo H$m no‹S> hmoVm h¡ ¶m nm¡Ym& V^r AI~mam| H$s gw{I©¶m| ‘o§ MZo ‘| B„r
Ho$ bJZo H$s MMm© Omoa nH$‹S> boVr h¡&
Bgr ~rM boIH$ AnZo EH$ ~wpÜX‘mZ {‘Ì go {‘bVm h¡ Am¡a CZHo$ ~rM
B„r H$mo boH$a MMm© hmoVr h¡& do Bbm Am¡a B„r ‘| A§Va ~VmVo hþE H$hVo h¡ {H$
"Bbm' AÞ H$s A{Yð>mÌr Xodr h¡ AWm©V n¥Ïdr& "B„r' AÞ H$s Zï>mWu Xodr& gmW
hr ¶h ^r ~Vm¶m {H$ ¶o B„r Bgr Bbm H$s ~oQ>r h¡ Am¡a ~oQ>r AnZo ‘m± H$s H$‘mB©
Im ahr h¡& V^r boIH$ H$s nwÌr B„r g§~§Yr kmZ H$m n[aM¶ XoVo hþE H$hVr h¡
{H$ "àmH¥${VH$ {dkmZ' ^mJ Mma ‘| ~Vm¶m J¶m h¡ {H$ B„r go {VVbr ~ZVr h¡&
{VVbr Omo ’y$bm| na ‘S>amVr h¢ ag nrVr h¡ Am¡a C‹S> OmVr h¢& BZ gmar ~mVm| H$mo
boH$a boIH$ Am¡a ^r Xþ{dYm ‘| Am OmVm h¡&
V^r boIH$ AnZo EH$ {‘Ì Ho$ nmg nhþ±M OmVo h¢ Omo H¥${f-{d^mJ ‘| A{YH$mar
Ho$ nX na H$m¶©aV h¢& Cgr Xm¡amZ boIH$ Ho$ {‘Ì H$mo AnZo EH$ A{YH$mar H$mo boH$a
MZo Ho$ IoVm| H$m ‘wAmBZm H$aZo OmZm n‹S>Vm h¡& boIH$ ^r CZHo$ gmW hmo boVo h¢&
dhm± nhþ±MZo na do XoIVo h¢ {H$ {H$g àH$ma gaH$mar XâVam| ‘| N>moQ>o A{YH$mar AnZo
~‹S>o A{YH$mar H$mo Iwe H$aZo Ho$ {bE CgH$s hm± ‘| hm± {‘bmVo h¢& Am¡a A§V ‘§o
~‹S>m A{YH$mar AnZo Ka Ho$ {bE hao MZo bXdm boVm h¡& A~ VrZm| Jm‹S>r ‘| ~¡R>H$a
CZ MZm| H$mo ImZo bJVo h¢& V^r boIH$ H$mo Ehgmg hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ B„r IoVm|
‘| Zhr h¡§ ~pëH$ CZHo$ àVrH$ Jm‹S>r ‘| ~¡R>o ¶o Am°{’$ga hr h¢& Omo {H$gmZ H$mo S>am
Y‘H$mH$a CgH$s ‘ohZV na g|Y bJm XoVo h¢&
2.5 bKwÎmar àíZ
1.H¥${f-A{YH$m[a¶m| H$m ad¡¶m&
2.AI~mamo§ Ho$ g‘mMma H$m à^md&
àíZ… { Z å Z { b { I V à í Z m | H o $ C Î m a EH$ dm³¶ ‘| Xr{OE&
(1) MZo Ho$ ³¶m hmoVo h¢?
CÎma … nm¢Yo&
(2) AI~mam| ‘| {H$Z ~mVm| H$mo boH$a emoa hmo ahm Wm?
CÎma … {H$ MZo ‘| B„r bJr h¡ Am¡a gaH$ma gmo ahr h¡&
(3) boIH$ H$s nwÌr Zo B„r Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| H$m¡Z gr ~mV ~VmB©?
CÎma … B„r go {VVbr ~ZVr h¡&
(4) bmoJ B„r H$m {OH«$ {H$g àH$ma H$a aho Wo?
CÎma … O¡go {H$ dh n‹S>mog ‘| ahVr hmo&munotes.in

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(5) Bbm Am¡a B„r ‘| ³¶m A§Va h¡?
CÎma … Bbm AÞ H$s A{Yð>mÌr Xodr h¡ Am¡a B„r AÞ H$s Zï>mÌr Xodr&
(6) N>moQ>o A’$ga Zo {H$gmZ go gmh~ H$s Orn ‘| ³¶m aIZo H$mo H$hm?
CÎma … ham-ham MZm&
(7) boIH$ Ho$ AZwgma Orn na {H$VZr B{„¶m± gdma Wr?
CÎma … VrZ
(8) ‘¡{WbreaU Jwá H$s J«m‘ OrdZ na {bIr H${dVm ~‹S>o A’$ga Zo {H$g H$jm
‘| n‹T>r Wr?
CÎma … AmR>dt&
H H HH H HH H HH H HH H H
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BH$mB© H$s énaoIm
3.1 BH$mB© H$m CX²Xoí¶
3.2 coIH$ H$m n[aM¶
3.3 àñVmdZm
3.4 aMZm H$m gmam§e
3.5 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
3.6 ~moY àíZ
3.7 dñVw{Zð> àíZ/bKwÎmar àíZ
3.1. BH$mB© H$m CX²Xoí¶
-Bg BH$mB© Ûmam boIH$ lr OJXreM§Ð ‘mWwa Ho$ ì¶{º$Ëd, CZH$s aMZmAm|
Ed§ boIZ e¡br H$m n[aM¶ àmá hmo gHo$Jm&
-Bgr BH$mB© ‘| "^moa H$m Vmam' EH$m§H$s H$m gmam§e ñnï> hmoJm&
-EH$m§H$s go g§X^© g{hV ñnï>rH$aU Ed§ ~moY àíZm| H$s OmZH$mar ^r hmo gHo$Jr&
-EH$m§H$s go g§~§{YV bKyÎmar àíZ ^r {X¶o JE h¢&
3.2 boIH$ n[aM¶- lr OJXreMÝÐ ‘mWwa
lr OJXreMÝÐ ‘mWwa H$m OÝ‘ 16 OwbmB© 1917, Iw Um©, ~wb§§Xamha {Obm,
CÎma àXoe ‘| hþAm& àma§{^H$ {ejm IwOm© ‘| hþB© VWm Cƒ {ejm à¶mJ {díd{dÚmb¶
‘|& à¶mJ {díd{dÚmb¶ H$m e¡{jH$ dmVmdaU Am¡a à¶mJ Ho$ gm{hp˶H$ g§ñH$ma aMZmH$ma
Ho$ ì¶{º$Ëd {Z‘m©U ‘| ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m {Z^mVo h¢& 1939 ‘| à¶mJ {díd{dÚmb¶
go E‘.E. (A§J«oOr) H$aZo Ho$ ~mX 1941 ‘| (B§{S>¶Z {g{db g{d©g) ‘| MwZ {bE
JE& OJXre MÝÐ ‘mWwa g¥OZmË‘H$ à{V^m Ho$ YZr Wo& Aܶ¶Z H$mb go hr CZH$m
boIZ àma§^ hmoVm h¡& CZH$m {ZYZ 14 ‘B© 1978 ‘| hþAm&
3.3 àñVmdZm
OJXreMÝÐ ‘mWwa Ho$ ZmQ>H$m| ‘| ào‘ H$mo ñdÀN>§X ê$n ‘| {M{ÌV {H$¶m J¶m
h¡& "^moa H$m Vmam' EH$m§H$s 1946 ‘| à¶mJ {bIr JB©& "^moa H$m Vmam' EH$m§H$sBH$mB© 3
^moa H$m Vmam (EH$m§H$s) - OJXreM§Ð ‘mWwa
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‘| H${d eoIa H$s ^mdwH$Vm n¶m©daU ‘| K{Q>V H$aZo AWdm aMZo H$m ‘moh ^r àma§^
go {‘bVm h¡& Bg‘| H${d Am¡a amOZr{Vk H$s ‘hÎmm H$mo d{U©V {H$¶m J¶m h¡& Bg‘|
H$V©ì¶ Am¡a ^mdZm Ho$ g§¶moJ Ûmam AmXe© H$s ñWmnZm H$s J¶r h¡&
3.4 "^moa H$m Vmam' EH$m§H$s H$m gmam§e :
"^moa H$m Vmam' EH$m§H$s ‘| lr OJXreMÝÐ ‘mWwa Zo H${d Am¡a amOZr{Vk
H$s ‘hÎmm H$mo ñWm{nV {H$¶m h¡& em§{V Ho$ Adga na l¥§Jma ‘| Sy>~o ahZodmbo dra
g¡{ZH$ ¶wÜX Ho$ ZJm‹S>o ~OVo hr Ho$g[a¶m ~mZm nhZ H$a ¶wÜX Ho$ {bE V¡¶ma hmo
OmVm h¡& d¡go hr H${d ¶m aMZmH$ma Xmoham ì¶{º$Ëd aIVm h¡&
Jwá gm‘«mÁ¶ H$s amOYmZr C‚m{¶Zr ‘| EH$ gmYmaU H${d H$m J¥h&
H$[d eoIa H$m J¥h& g~ dñVwE± AñV-ì¶ñV ~mB© Amoa EH$ V»V na ‘¡br
’$Q>r hþB© MmXa {~ Ôr h¡& Cg na EH$ Mm¡H$s ^r aIr h¡ Am¡a boIZr B˶m{X ^r& BYa-
CYa ^moOnÌ (¶m H$mJO) {~Iao hþE n‹S>o h¢& EH$ {VnmB© ^r h¡ {Og na Hw$N> nmÌ
aIo hþE h¢&
¶h EH$m§H$s H$V©ì¶ Am¡a ^mdZm Ho$ g§¶moJ Ûmam AmXe© H$mo ñWm{nV H$aVr h¡&
Bg‘o§ eoIa, ‘mYd d N>m¶m VrZ ‘w»¶ nmÌ h¡& eoIa Am¡a ‘mYd XmoñV h¡§& XmoZm|
‘| dmVm©bmn hmoVm h¡& N>m¶m eoIa H$s {à¶V‘m h¡& H${d ’y$b go ^r H$mo‘b ^md‘¶r
H${dVm aMH$a gnZm| H$m g§gma {Z{‘©V H$aVm h¡, qH$Vw Adga ¶m àg§J AmZo na ~O«
go ^r H$R>moa {bIH$a, g¡{ZH$m| H$mo àmoËgm{hV H$a Xoe H$s gwajm ‘| ¶moJXmZ XoVm h¡&
AV… H${d amOZr{Vk AWdm g¡{ZH$ go ^r loð> gm{~V hmoVm h¡& ^moa H$m Vmam EH$m§H$s
‘| ào‘r OrdZ H$s ‘mZ{gH$Vm na ^r gdmb CR>m¶m J¶m h¡&
N>m¶m gmYmaU H${d eoIa Ho$ H$bm H$s nwOm[aZ Am¡a {à¶V‘m ^r h¡& ‘mYd
eoIa go àmW©Zm H$aVm h¡ {H$ dh AnZr AmoO‘¶r H${dVm go Jm±d-Jm±d OmH$a dh
AmJ ’¡$bm Xo, {Oggo hOmam| bmIm| ^wOm¶o AnZo g‘«mQ> Am¡a Xoe H$s ajm Ho$ {bE
eó hmW ‘| bo bo& eoIa H$m ^mdwH$ öX¶ n[ad{V©V hmo OmVm h¡& dh AnZo H$V©ì¶nW
H$mo g‘P OmVm h¢&
N>m¶m H$mo ‘mYd dh ¶h ~mV ~hþV Mw^Vr h¡ {H$ÝVw eoIa H$mo CgHo$ ߶ma
go Xÿa bo OmZo Ho$ dOh go ‘mYd H$mo S>mQ>Vr h¡& N>m¶m Ho$ AZwgma- "A˶§V nr{‹S>V
ñda ‘| ‘mYd Vw‘Zo dh Zmar gwb^ ñd^md go Hw$N> Vmo ‘oam à^mV Zï> H$a
{X¶m&' dh {dM{bV hmo OmVr h¡& N>m¶m eoIa Ho$ H$mì¶ Am¡a ào‘ Ho$ à{V BVZr
A{YH$ ñdmWu hmo OmVr h¡ {H$ dh AnZo H$V©ì¶ H$mo ^yb OmVr h¡& ‘mYd Ho$ AZwgma
"N>m¶m ‘¢Zo Vwåhmam à^mV Zï> Zht {H$¶m& à^mV Vmo A~ hmoJm, eoIa A~ VH$ ^moa
H$m Vma Wm A~ à^mV H$m gy¶© hmoJm'
‘mYd Ho$ g‘PmZo na N>m¶m ‘ñVH$ CR>mVr h¡ Am¡a AnZo ào‘ H$s H$V©ì¶
Ho$ {bE ~{bXmZ H$a XoVr h¡& AnZo n{V H$s à{Vð>m d AnZo Xoe H$s gwajm Ho$
{bE AnZo öX¶ H$mo H$R>moa ~Zm boVr h¡&munotes.in

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3.5 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
H${dVm Vwåhmao gyZo {Xbmo ‘| g§JrV ^aVr h¡, ór ^r Vwåhmao A~ hþE ‘Z
H$mo ~hbmVr h¡& nwê$f O~ OrdZ H$s gyIr MQ²>Q>mZm| na M‹T>Vm-M‹T>Vm WH$ OmVm
h¡ V~ gmoMVm h¡ Mbmo Wmo‹S>m ‘Z ~hbmd hr H$a b|&
g§X^© …
Cn¶©wº$ n§{º$¶m± "^moa H$m Vmam' EH$m§H$s go br JB© h¢& BgHo$ aM{¶Vm lr OJXreMÝÐ
‘mWwa h¢& ¶h EH$m§H$s "JÚ {d{dYm' nwñVH$ ‘| g§H${bV h¢& BgH$m g§nmXZ qhXr
Aܶ¶Z ‘§S>b, ‘w§~B© {díd{dÚmb¶, ‘w§~B© Zo {H$¶m h¡&
àg§J …
BZ n§{º$¶m| ‘| H${d, H${dVm Am¡a ór Ho$ g§~§Ymo H$m {MÌU {H$¶m J¶m h¡&
ñnï>rH$aU …
lr OJXreM§Ð ‘mWwa Zo "^moa H$m Vmam' EH$m§H$s ‘| H$V©ì¶ Am¡a ^mdZm Ho$
g§¶moJ H$mo ñWm{nV {H$¶m h¡& Cn¶©wº$ n§{º$ ‘| eoIa-N>m¶m Ho$ à{V AnZr H$mo‘b
^mdZmAm| H$mo àH$Q> H$aVm h¡& eoIa H$hVm h¡ {H$ N>m¶m Vw‘ ~VmAmo Vwåhmao JmZ,
Vwåhmar àoaUm, Vwåhmao ào‘ Ho$ {~Zm ‘oar H${dVm ³¶m hmoVr? N>m¶m Ho$ H$WZmZwgma
H${dVm gyZo {Xbmo ‘| g§JrV ^aVr h¢& ór H${d ¶m nwéf Ho$ D$~o hþE ‘Z H$mo ~hbmVr
h¡& nwê$f Ho$ OrdZ ‘| O~ ZragVm AmVr h¡ V~ dh ‘Z ~hbmd H$s gmoMVm h¡&
ór na AnZm gmam ߶ma, AnZo gmao Aa‘mZ {ZN>mda H$a XoVm h¡&
{deof …
1.Cn¶©wº$ n§{º$¶mo H$s ^mfm ghO Am¡a gab h¡&
2.H${d, H${dVm Am¡a ñÌr Ho$ g§~§Y H$m {MÌU h¡&
3.H${d Ho$ H$V©ì¶ H$r ^mdZm H$m {MÌU h¡&
4.H${d eoIa gmYmaU go AgmYmaU H$s ¶mÌm H$aVm h¡&
3.6 ~moY àíZ
1."^moa H$m Vmam' EH$m§H$s H$m gmam§e ñnï> H$s{OE?
2.H${d eoIa H$s Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmE± {b{IE?
3."^moa H$m Vmam' EH$m§H$s ‘| H${d Am¡a amOZr{Vk H$s ‘hÎmm ñWm{nV H$s JB©
h¡& BgH$s g‘rjm H$s{OE?
4."^moa H$m Vmam' EH$m§H$s ‘| H$V©ì¶ Am¡a ^mdZm Ho$ g§¶moJ Ûmam AmXe© H$mo
à{V{ð>V {H$¶m J¶m h¡& Bg na àH$me S>m{bE&munotes.in

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3.7 dñVw{Zð> àíZ / bKwÎmar àíZ
1."^moa H$m Vmam' EH$m§H$s Ho$ boIH$ H$m¡Z h¢?
CÎma … "^moa H$m Vmam' EH$m§H$s Ho$ boIH$ lr OJXreMÝÐ ‘mWwa h¢&
2.eoIa H$m XmoñV H$m¡Z h¡?
CÎma … eooIa H$m XmoñV ‘mYd h¡&
3.eoIa H$s {à¶V‘m H$m¡Z h¡?
CÎma … eoIa H$s {à¶V‘m N>m¶m h¡&
4.N>m¶m Ho$ AZwgma à˶oH$ nwéf Ho$ {bE ñÌr ³¶m h¡?
CÎma … N>m¶m Ho$ AZwgma à˶oH$ nwê$f Ho$ {bE ñÌr EH$ H${dVm h¡&
5.eoIa Ho$ AZwgma CgHo$ Am¡a N>m¶m Ho$ ào‘ H$s A‘a ñ‘¥{V ³¶m h¡?
CÎma … eoIa Ho$ AZwgma CgHo$ Am¡a N>m¶m Ho$ ào‘ H$s A‘a ñ‘¥{V "^moa H$m Vmam'
aMZm h¡&
6.H$m¡Z gm gm‘«mÁ¶ g§H$Q> ‘| h¡?
CÎma … Jwá gm‘«mÁ¶ g§H$Q> ‘|§ h¡&
7.N>m¶m {H$gH$s ~hZ h¡?
CÎma … N>m¶m XodXÎm H$s ~hZ h¡&
8.Vmoa‘mU Zo H$m¡Z gr ZXr nma H$s?
CÎma … Vmoa‘mU Zo {gÝYw ZXr nma H$s&
9.eoIa Ho$ AZwgma H${d AnZr H${dVm H$~ gwZmVm h¡&
CÎma … eoIa Ho$ AZwgma H${d AnZr H${dVm gw~h Ho$ g‘¶ gwZmVm h¡&
10.‘mYd Ho$ AZwgma eoIa ^moa H$m Vmam Wm, CgHo$ ~mX dh ³¶m ~ZoJm?
CÎma … ‘mYd Ho$ AZwgma eoIa ^moa H$m Vmam Wm CgHo$ ~mX dh à^mV H$m gy¶©
~ZoJm&
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BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm
4.1 BH$mB© H$m CX²Xoí¶
4.2 boIH$ H$m n[aM¶
4.3 àñVmdZm
4.4 aMZm H$m gmam§e
4.5 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
4.6 ~moY àíZ
4.7 dñVw{Zð> àíZ / bKwÎmar àíZ
4.1 BH$mB© H$m CX²Xoí¶
-Bg BH$mB© Ûmam boIH$ lr am§Jo¶ amKd Ho$ ì¶{º$Ëd, CZH$s aMZmAm| Ed§
boIZ e¡br H$m n[aM¶ àmá hmo gHo$Jm&
-Bgr BH$mB© ‘| "Vy’$mZ Ho$ {dOoVm' [anmoVm©O H$m gmam§e ñnï> hmoJm&
-[anmoVm©O go g§X^© g{hV ñnï>rH$aU Ed§ ~moY àíZm| H$s OmZH$mar ^r hmo
gHo$Jr&
-[anmoVm©O go g§~§{YV bKyÎmar àíZ ^r {XE JE h¢&
4.2 boIH$ H$m n[aM¶- am§Jo¶ amKd
am§Jo¶ amKd H$m OÝ‘ 17 OZdar, 1923 ‘| AmJam ‘| hþAm& {nVmlr a§JmMm¶©
Ho$ nyd©O bJ^J VrZ gm¡ df© nhbo O¶nwa Am¡a {’$a ^aVnwa Ho$ ~¶mZm H$ñ~o ‘|
AmH$a ahZo bJo& am§Jo¶ amKd H$m OÝ‘ {hÝXr àXoe ‘| hþAm& CÝh| Vm{‘b Am¡a H$Þ‹S>
^mfm H$m ^r kmZ Wm& am§Jo¶ amKd H$s {ejm AmJam ‘o| hþB© Wr& 1949 ‘| AmJam
{díd{dÚmb¶ go Jwê$ JmoaIZmW na emoY H$aHo$ CÝhm|Zo nrEM.S>r. H$s Wr&
am§Jo¶ amKd {hÝXr Ho$ àJ{Verb {dMmam| Ho$ boIH$ Wo, qH$Vw ‘m³g© Ho$ Xe©Z
H$mo CÝhm|Zo g§emo{YV ê$n ‘| hr ñdrH$ma {H$¶m& CZH$m {ZYZ 31 df© H$s C‘« ‘|
‘w§~B© ‘| gZ² 1962 ‘| hþAm&BH$mB© 4
Vw’$mZ Ho$ {dOoVm ([anmoVm©O) - am§Jo¶ OmYd
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‘w»¶ H¥${V¶m± -
^maVr H$m gnyV, b{I¶m H$s Am±Io, XodH$s H$m ~oQ>m Ed§ [anmoVm©O Am{X&
4.3 àñVmdZm
am§Jo¶ amKd Zo 13 df© H$s Am¶w ‘| {bIZm ewê$ {H$¶m& 1942 ‘| AH$mbJ«ñV
~§Jmb H$s ¶mÌm Ho$ ~mX EH$ [anmoVm©O {bIm- Vy’$mZ Ho$ {dOoVm& Bg‘| boIH$ AH$mb
‘| Omo j{V J«ñV hmo MwH$m h¡ CgH$m hr dU©Z Zht H$aVm ~pëH$ Omo ~mH$s ~Mm
h¡ dh {H$g AdñWm ‘| h¡ BgH$m ^r ñnï>rH$aU H$aVm h¡&
4.4 aMZm H$m gmam§e / Vy’$mZ Ho$ {dOoVm
"Vy’$mZ Ho$ {dOoVm' [anmoVm©O am§Jo¶ amKd Ûmam a{MV h¡& Bg‘o ~§Jmb ‘o n‹S>o
^rfU AH$mb Ho$ ~mX dhm± H$s X¶Zr¶ pñW{V Ed§ {d^r{fH$m H$m dU©Z {H$¶m J¶m
h¡& CÝhm|Zo Cg joÌ H$m Xm¡am {H$¶m Wm& ¶h AH$mb àmH¥${VH$ AmnXm go A{YH$
‘Zwî¶ Ûmam {Z{‘©V AmnXm ^r& bmbMr, f‹S>¶ÝÌH$mar ì¶mnm[a¶m| Ho$ ñdmW© Ho$ H$maU
Bg AmnXm Zo ^rfU ê$n YmaU {H$¶m& 60 bmI bmoJ H$mb H$m J«mg ~Z JE&
Omo ~M JE do Hw$nmofU Am¡a ‘hm‘m[a¶m| H$m {eH$ma hmoZo bJo&
~§Jmb Ho$ ^rfU AH$mb H$m dU©Z g§jon ‘| {H$¶m OmZm gå^d Zht
h¡& "Vw‘Zo nyN>m h¡ ~§Jmb H$s A~ ³¶m hmbV h¡? EH$ Xmo bâOmo ‘| nyar ~mV IË‘
hmo Om¶o Eogo "Aì¶ B{V' ‘| H$hH$a ~mV g‘má H$a XoZo H$s gm‘϶© ‘wP‘| Zhr§ h¡&
aMZmH$ma ^±wB¶mnm‹S>m Jm±d H$m {MÌU H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¡ {H$ dhm± 300 ‘|
go 150 AmX‘r ‘a JE Vmo ³¶m Vw‘ dhm± H$s pñW{V H$m R>rH$-R>mH$ Om¶Om bo
gH$m|Jo& dhm± ‘bo[a¶m, MoMH$, H$mbm~m‹Oma, h¡Om O¡gr ^¶§H$a ‘hm‘m[a¶mo Zo AH$mb
Ho$ ~mX bmoJm| H$mo Ya X~moMm h¡& boIH$ ~§Jmb Ho$ bmoJm| H$s X¶Zr¶ AdñWm H$m
dU©Z H$aVo hþE H$hVo h¢ {H$ bmoJ Xdm Ho$ n¡go Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Pm‹S>-’y±$H$ H$adm
boVo h¢& ‘m¡V Ho$ JV© ‘| g‘m ^r OmVo h¢& ha Va’$ J§XJr ’¡$br h¢& CZHo$ (boIH$
Ho$) AZwgma Bg pñW{V ‘| amOZr{V nm{Q>©¶m± EH$ Xÿgao na Amamon-à˶mamon bJmZo
Ho$ Abmdm Hw$N> Zht H$aVr& boIH$ ‘Nw>Am| Ho$ EH$ Jm±d H$m dU©Z H$aVm h¡ Ohm±
AH$mb Zo ^¶§H$a V~mhr ‘Mm¶r h¡& dhm± Ho$ bmoJ A{e{jV, J±dma h¢ ¶m ¶h ^r
{H$ OrdZ H$s Bg ^¶§H$a pñW{V ‘| ha MrO CZHo$ ‘Z ‘| e§H$m n¡Xm H$aVr h¡&
AV… {hÝXþñVmZ go AmE S>m°³Q>am| Ho$ ~mao ‘| CÝh| ^«‘ hmoVm h¡ {H$ ¶o gaH$mar EOoÝQ>
h¡ {H$ h‘| ‘maZo AmE h¢& S>m°. Hw$WQ>o Omo S>m°³Q>ar OËWo Ho$ brS>a Wo CÝhm|Zo gwZm
Am¡a H$hm-dmh ^mB©, H«$m§{VH$mar Am¡a ¶h amoO ~‹T>Vr hþB© ‘arOm| H$s ‘m¡V na A{YH$
H$m‘ hr H$aVo Wo&
qOXJr H$s ^¶mdhVm Zo ^¶ H$m ^md {‘Q>m {X¶m h¡& gaH$mar V§Ì go Á¶mXm
‘OXÿam| Zo ghm¶Vm H$s& A§V ‘| S>m°³Q>a {’$a {MÝVm‘¾ hmo J¶m& b‹S>Ho$ gh‘o gomunotes.in

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boQ>o amoeZr H$s Va’$ EH$Q>H$ XoI aho Wo& ~XZm‘r H$m hr Zht, {H$gr H$s ‘m¡V H$m
S>a {Xb ‘| g‘m J¶m Wm& gƒm S>m°³Q>a V~ VH$ Zht ImVm O~ VH$ ‘arO H$s
Amoa go Cgo Hw$N> {dídmg Z hmo Om¶o&
^maVr¶ g§ñH¥${V ‘hmZ h¡& {H$gr ^r Vy’$mZ ‘o § ’±$gr ‘mZdVm H$s Zmd ~MmZo
‘| ~§Jmb g‘W© h¡&
4.5 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
""dh EH$ Zrbm Vh‘X nhZo h¡ Am¡a Jm±d Ho$ A{YH$m§e AmX‘r AY©Z¾
h¢& Ka d¡go hr Qy>Q>o h¢, H$moB©-H$moB© {~ëHw$b Zï> hmo J¶o h¢, ¶hm± VH$ {H$ ~m±g VH$
~mH$s Zht h¢&''
g§X^© …
Cn¶©wº$ n±{º$¶m± "Vy’$mZ Ho$ {dOoVm' [anmVm©O go br JB© h¡§& BgHo$ boIH$
am§Jo¶ amKd h¢& ¶h [anmoVm©O "JÚ {d{dYm' nwñVH$ ‘| g§H${bV h¡& BgH$m g§nmXZ
qhXr Aܶ¶Z ‘§S>b, ‘w§~B© {díd{dÚmb¶, ‘wå~B© Zo {H$¶m h¡§&
àg§J …
BZ n§{º$¶m| ‘| boIH$ Zo ~§Jmb Ho$ EH$ Jm±d H$m ‘m{‘©H$ {MÌU àñVwV {H$¶m
h¡§& ~§Jmb ‘| AH$mb Ho$ ~mX Jm±d H$s ^rfU Xem H$m [anmoVm©O ‘| dU©Z h¡§&
ñnï>rH$aU …
lr am§Jo¶ amKd Zo "Vy’$mZ Ho$ {dOoVm' [anmoVm©O ‘| ‘Nw>Am| Ho$ Jm±d H$m {MÌU
àñVwV {H$¶m h¡§& {Ogo AH$mb Zo AnZr MnoQ> ‘| bo {b¶m h¡ Am¡a Vhg-Zhg H$a
{X¶m h¡§& Jm±d Ho$ Ka Qy>Q>-’y$Q> JE h¢& do nyar Vah ÜdñV hmo JE h¢ ¶hm± VH$ {H$
~m±g H$m H$moB© Qw>H$‹S>m VH$ Zht {XImB© n‹S>Vm& Jm±d Ho$ bmoJ AY©Z¾ VWm Aghm¶
h¢& har-har N>m¶mXma nJS>§{S>¶m± Ho$db ’y$bmo§ go bXo Vmbm~m| Ho$ {H$Zmao ~go Z¾
Kam| Ho$ n¡amo H$mo My‘Vr ahVr h¢&
{deof …
1.‘mZd OrdZ AZ‘mob h¡&
2.boIH$ AH$mb H$s {d^r{fH$m H$m dU©Z H$aVm h¡&
3.Cn¶w©º$ n§{º$ H$s ^mfm ghO, grYr, gab Am¡a à^md nyU© h¢&
4.boIH$ H$m {MÌU ‘m{‘©H$ h¡&
4.6 ~moY àíZ
1."Vy’$mZ Ho$ {dOoVm' [anmoVm©O H$m Ho$ÝÐr¶ ^md ñnï> H$s{OE&
2."Vy’$mZ Ho$ {dOoVm' [anmoVm©O ‘o§ ~§Jmb Ho$ AH$mb H$s {d{^{fH$m H$m dU©Z
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3."Vy’$mZ Ho$ {dOoVm' [anmoVm©O H$s ^mfm ghO, grYr d gab h¡& BgH$s g‘rjm
H$s{OE&
4."Vy’$mZ Ho$ {dOoVm' [anmoVm©O Ho$ erf©H$ H$s gmW©H$Vm H$mo ñnï> H$aVo hþE,
~§Jmb Ho$ AH$mb ‘| ‘Zwî¶ H$s OrOr{d¶m H$m {MÌU H$s{OE?
4.7 dñVw{Zð> / bKwÎmar àíZ
1."Vy’$mZ Ho$ {dOoVm' [anmoVm©O ‘o {H$g àXoe Ho$ AH$mb H$m dU©Z h¡&
CÎma … "Vy’$mZ Ho$ {dOoVm' [anmoVm©O ‘| ~§Jmb Ho$ AH$mb H$m dU©Z h¡&
2."Vy’$mZ Ho$ {dOoVm' [anmoVm©O ‘| H$m¡Z go Jm±d H$m {MÌU h¡?
CÎma … "Vy’$mZ Ho$ {dOoVm' [anmoVm©O ‘o§ ^w±B¶mnm‹S>m Jm±d H$m {MÌU h¡&
3."Vy’$mZ Ho$ {dOoVm' [anmoVm©O ‘| H$m¡Z Oob ‘| h¡?
CÎma … "Vy’$mZ Ho$ {dOoVm' [anmoVm©O ‘o§ gwerb Kmof Am¡a {Z{IbXmg Oob ‘| h¡&
4."Vy’$mZ Ho$ {dOoVm' [anmoVm©O Ho$ boIH$ H$m¡Z h¡§?
CÎma … "Vy’$mZ Ho$ {dOoVm' [anmoVm©O Ho$ boIH$ am§Jo¶ amKd h¢&
5.{H$g g§ñWm Zo AH$mb ‘| ‘XX H$s?
CÎma … am‘H¥$îU {‘eZ g§ñWm Zo AH$mb ‘| ‘XX H$s&
6.S>m°³Q>ar OËWo Ho$ {bS>a H$m¡Z Wo?
CÎma … S>m°³Q>ar OËWo Ho$ br‹S>a S>m°. Hw$WQ>o Wo&
7.{H$ZH$s {dYdm eof h¡§?
CÎma … Zonmb Am¡a H$mbM§X H$s {dYdm eof h¢&
8.Xg hOma AmX{‘¶m| H$m àVrH$ ³¶m h¡?
CÎma … Xg hOma AmX{‘¶m§o H$m àVrH$ EH$ h‹S²>‹S>r H$m b‹S>H$m h¡&
9.H$m¡Z ‘rb ^a ^r Zht Mb gH$Vm?
CÎma … ‘m± ‘rb H$a ^r Zht Mb gH$Vr&
10.S>m°³Q>a H$~ VH$ Zht ImVm?
CÎma … gƒm S>m°³Q>a V~ VH$ Zht ImVm O~ VH$ ‘arO H$s Amoa go Cgo Hw$N> {dídmg
Z hmo Om¶o&
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BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm
5.1 boIH$ H$m n[aM¶
5.2 àñVmdZm
5.3 aMZm H$m gmam§e
5.4 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
5.5 ~moY àíZ
5.6 dñVw{Zð> àíZ / bKwÎmar àíZ
5.1 boIH$ H$m n[aM¶- gwf‘m ~oXr
gwf‘m ~oXr H$m OÝ‘ 1 OwbmB© 1945 H$mo n§Om~ Ho$ {’$amoOnwa Zm‘H$ eha
‘| hþAm& B§ÐàñW H$m°boO, {X„r go 1964 ‘| ~r.E., 1966 ‘| E‘.E. Ed§ 1968
‘| {X„r {díd{dÚmb¶ go E‘.{’$b.H$s {S>J«r VWm 1980 ‘| n§Om~ ¶w{Zd{g©Q>r go
nrEM.S>r. H$s Cnm{Y àmá H$s& {hÝXr Ho$ g‘H$mbrZ H$Wm Am¡a Cnݶmg gm{h˶
‘| ¶h EH$ OmZm-‘mZm Zm‘ h¢&
‘w»¶ H¥${V¶m± - hdZ, bm¡Q>Zm, Zdm^y‘ H$s ag H$Wm (Cnݶmg) VWm {M{‹S>¶m Am¡a
Mrb, g‹S>H$ H$s b¶ Am¡a Aݶ H$hm{Z¶m± Am{X&
5.2 àñVmdZm
"Z¶m Xoe', Z¶r O‘rZ, Z¶o {j{VO, Z¶o Amg‘mZ' AmË‘H$϶ ‘| gwf‘
~oXr Zo ~«wgoëg H$m {MÌU {H$¶m h¡& do H$hVr h¡ {H$ "~«wgoëg nhþ±M H$a ‘¢Zo ‘hgyg
{H$¶m {H$ EH$X‘ Z¶r OJh na OmZm EH$ Vah go ~hþV Hw$N> grIZo H$m hr Adga
hmoVm h¡& Cg grIZo H$mo Mmho BÝgmZ Iwe hmoH$a bo ¶m ‘wgr~V ‘mZo&'
dhm± H$s g§ñH¥${V, dhm± Ho$ Vm¡a Ho$ VWm AnZo gm W$ ~ƒmo§ Ho$ nad[ae H$m ^r
{MÌU {H$¶m J¶m h¡&
5.3 aMZm H$m gmam§e
"Z¶m Xoe', Z¶r O‘rZ, Z¶o {j{VO, Z¶o Amg‘mZ' (AmË‘H$϶) Ho$ erf©H$BH$mB© 5
Z¶o Xoe, Z¶r O‘rZ, Z¶o {j{VO, Z¶o Amg‘mZ (AmË‘H$϶)
- gwf‘mdoXr
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go hr bo{IH$m Zo AnZr nyar H$hmZr H$mo A{^춺$ {H$¶m h¡& ~«wgoëg ‘| nhþ±MH$a
do AnZo OrdZ H$s ZB© ewê$dmV H$aVr h¡& ^maVr¶ g§ñH$ma Am¡a ~«wgoëg Ho$ g§ñH$ma
‘| O‘rZ-Amg‘mZ H$m A§Va h¡& XoIm OmE Vmo BÝgmZ OdmZ hmoVm h¡ Vmo Z¶m nV
ñdmJV ¶mo½¶ hmoVm h¡& ~‹S>r C‘« ‘| h‘ AnZr OrdZ e¡br Am¡a AmXVm| Ho$ BVZo Xmg
hmo MwHo$ hmoVo h¢ {H$ Zhr Z¶mnZ ~moP ‘hgyg hmoZo bJVm h¡&
gwf‘ ~oXr Bg n[adV©Z H$mo ghO ê$n ‘| ñdrH$ma H$aVr h¢& A^r OrdZ Ho$
Xÿgao XeH$ ‘| hr Wr Am¡a ha Z¶r MrO Ho$ à{V CËgmh Wm& Bgr go ~hþV gmao hmXgm|
Ho$ ~rM go JwOaVo hþE ^r CgH$m gwIX nj H$ï>m| go ~MmVm ahm& XoIm OmE Vmo ~«wgoëg
nhþ±MZo Ho$ nhbo {XZ hr AOr~ gr KQ>Zm KQ>r& dê$U Am¡a nwadm CZHo$ ~ƒo& Cg‘|
go nwadm Zo 10 n¡go H$m {g¸$m {ZJb {b¶m& nwadm gmb ^a H$s hþB© Wr Am¡a dh
C‘« Eogr hmoVr h¡ {H$ ~ƒm ha MrO ‘w±h ‘| hr S>mbH$a naIVm h¡&
gwf‘ ~oXr H$hVr h¡ {H$- "Xa Agb ‘oam g~go ~‹S>m BpåVhmZ A~ Ka
gå^mbZm Wm Am¡a ~ƒm| H$s ghr XoI ^mb& XmoZmo hr H$m‘mo ‘| Zm¡{g{I¶m Wr Am¡a
‘XX H$aZodmbm hþOy‘ ^r Zhr Wm Omo {H$ ^maV ‘| ‘wh¡¶m Wm& ~ƒm| Ho$ gmW Ka
XoI^mb Am¡a ImZm ~ZmZm ^r ‘oao {bE Z¶o AZw^d Wo&'
Cg g‘¶ dhm± ^maV Ho$ amOXÿV Ho$.~r.bmb Wo& CZH$s nËZr Zo ^maVr¶
‘{hbmAm| H$s g§ñWm ~Zm Xr Wr {Oggo {H$ do Amng ‘| {‘bVr aho§& gwZr{V Hw$‘ma
Cg g§ñWm H$s OmZ Wr& gwf‘ Or g§ñWm H$s gmoeb goHo«$Q>ar Wr& h‘ bmoJ Hw$N>
Z Hw$N> H$m¶©H«$‘ H$aVo ahVo& H$^r JmZo-~MmZo Vmo H$^r ’¡$eZ emo H$m& ^maVr¶ ahZ-
ghZ Am¡a {dXoer ahZ-ghZ {~ëHw$b {^Þ&
¶yamon ‘| J‘u H$m g‘¶ gM‘wM ~hþV AmZÝX‘¶ hmoVm h¡& nyam H$m nyam Xoe Nw>Å>r
‘Zm ahm hmoVm h¡& gyaO ¶hm± Iwer H$m àVrH$ h¡& gyaO H$s J‘u ¶hm± ObmVr Zht, ‘ah‘
hr bJmVr h¡, XþbamVr, nwMH$maVr h¡& ~wgoëg H$s Iy~r ¶h Wr {H$ dhm± go npíM‘r ¶yamon
Ho$ gmao Xoe ~hþV nmg n‹S>Vo h¢& Bg OrdZ ‘| hmoZodmbo AZw^dm| Zo AnZo AmnH$mo OmZZo
Ho$ ^r ‘m¡Ho$ {XE& ha g‘mO AnZo T>§J go ì¶{º$ H$mo AmH$a XoVm h¡ Am¡a ~mhar ì¶{º$
H$mo em¡H$ ^r Xo gH$Vm h¡ ¶m Z¶o H$m o g‘PZo H$m Adga ^r&
^mfm AnZo Amn ‘| g§ñH$ma h¡& dê$U ñHy$b OmVo hr ~hþV OëXr go ’«|$M grI
J¶m, Zht Vmo dh {hÝXr hr ~mobVm Wm& nwadm Zo Vmo ~mobZm ~«wgoëg ‘| AmH$ma hr grIm
Wm& em¶X AnZo ~ƒm| Ho$ AܶmnH$ ~ZZo H$m H$m‘ ‘¢Zo H$^r Zht {H$¶m&
{hÝXr H$mo EH$ ^mfm Ho$ ê$n ‘| n‹T>mZo H$m H$m‘ ~«wgoëg ‘| hr ewê$ {H$¶m
Wm& ‘¢Zo H$B© ^maV na emoY H$aZodmbo ~opëO¶‘ Ho$ N>mÌ {hÝXr grIZo Ho$ ~hþV
BÀNw>H$ Wo& n‹T>mZo Ho$ Abmdm ~«wgoëg go ‘¢ Zd^maV Q>mBåg Ho$ {bE g§dmXXmVm Ho$
ê$n ‘| H$m‘ ^r H$aZo bJ J¶r Wr& ~«wgoëg Ho$ {Zdmg Ho$ {XZm| hr ‘oar nhbr H$hmZr
"O‘r ~’©$ H$m H$dM' lrnVam¶ Ûmam g§nm{XV H$hmZr n{ÌH$m ‘| àH$m{eV hþB© Wr&munotes.in

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gwf‘ ~oXr Ho$ AmË‘H$϶ ‘| CZHo$ OrdZ Ho$ {d{^Þ nhbwAm| H$m dU©Z h¡&
5.4 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m / ñnï>rH$aU
"^maV go ~mha AmH$a Am¡a ¶yamon H$s gXu PobH$a gyaO H$s H$s‘V nVm
bJVr h¡& gyaO ¶hm± Iwer H$m àVrH$ h¡& gyaO H$s J‘u ¶hm± ObmVr Zht, ‘ah‘
hr bJmVr h¡, XþbmamVr, nwMH$maVr h¡&'
g§X^© …
Cn¶©wº$ n§{º$¶m± (Z¶m Xoe, Z¶r O‘rZ, Z¶o {j{VO, Z¶o Amg‘mZ, ("AmË‘H$϶')
go br JB© h¡§& BgH$s bo{IH$m gwf‘ ~oXr h¢& ¶h AmË‘H$϶ "JÚ {d{dYm' nwñVH$
‘| g§H${bV h¡& BgH$m g§nmXZ qhXr Aܶ¶Z ‘§S>b, ‘w§~B© {díd{dÚmb¶, ‘w§~B© Zo
{H$¶m h¡&
àg§J …
BZ n§{º$¶m| ‘| ¶yamon Ho$ ‘m¡g‘ Am¡a gyaO Ho$ ‘hÎd H$mo {M{ÌV {H$¶m
J¶m h¡&
ñnï>rH$aU …
¶yamon ‘| J‘u H$m g‘¶ gM‘wM ~hþV AmZÝX‘¶ hmoVm h¡& nyam H$m nyam Xoe
Nw>Å>r ‘Zm ahm hmoVm h¡& Yyn goH$ ahm hmoVm h¡& gyaO H$s {H$aUo g^r Ho$ Mohao EH$X‘
go am¡eZ H$a XoVr h¢& ^maV ‘| ^maV H$m ‘hËd Zht ‘mby‘ hmoVm, ^maV Ho$ ~mha
~ma-~ma ^maV H$s ¶mX AmZm ñdm^m{dH$ h¡& dhm± gy¶o Ho$ ‘hÎd H$mo à{Vnm{XV
{H$¶m OmVm h¡& AV… ^maV go ~mha AmH$a Am¡a ¶yamon H$s gXu PobH$a gyaO H$s
H$s‘V nVm bJVr h¡& gyaO ¶hm± Iwer H$m àVrH$ h¡& gyaO H$s J‘u ¶hm± ObmVr
Zht, ‘ah‘ hr bJmVr h¡, XþbmamVr, nwMH$maVr h¡& ’y$bm| ‘| a§J ^a XoVr h¡, h[a¶mbr
‘| M‘H$ bm XoVr h¡&
{deof …
1.AmË‘H$϶ H$s ^mfm ghO h¡&
2.gyaO Ho$ ‘hÎd H$mo à{Vnm{XV {H$¶m J¶m h¡&
3.^maV H$s ‘hÎ mm {M{ÌV h¡&
4.gwf‘ ~oXr Zo AmË‘H$϶ Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go AnZo AZw^d d{U©V {H$E h¢&munotes.in

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5.5 ~moY àíZ
1."Z¶m Xoe, Z¶r O‘rZ, Z¶o {j{VO, Z¶o Amg‘mZ' AmË‘H$϶ H$m gmam§e
{b{IE&
2.AmË‘H$϶ ‘| ^maVr¶ d {dXoer g§ñH¥$Vr H$m {MÌU h¡ & BgH$s g‘rjm
H$s{OE&
3.~«goëg H$s ‘w»¶ {deofVmAm| H$m dU©Z H$s{OE&
4.~«wgoëg ‘| {hÝXr ^mfm Ho$ à^md H$m {MÌU H¡$go hþAm h¡? AmË‘H$϶ Ho$
AmYma na àH$me S>m{bE?
5.6 dñVw{Zð> / bKwÎmar àíZ
1."Z¶m Xoe, Z¶r O‘rZ, Z¶o {j{VO, Z¶o Amg‘mZ' AmË‘H$϶ H$s bo{IH$m
H$m¡Z h¢?
CÎma … "Z¶m Xoe, Z¶r O‘rZ, Z¶o {j{VO, Z¶o Amg‘mZ' AmË‘H$϶ H$s bo{IH$m
gwf‘ ~oXr h¡&
2.AmË‘H$϶ ‘| H$hm± H$m {MÌU h¡§?
CÎma … AmË‘H$϶ ‘| ~«wgoëg H$m {MÌU h¡&
3.gwf‘ ~oXr Ho$ ~ƒmo§ H$m ³¶m Zm‘ h¡?
CÎma … gwf‘ ~oXr Ho$ ~ƒmo§ H$m Zm‘ h¡ dê$U Am¡a nwadm&
4.10 n¡go H$m {g¸$m H$m¡Z {ZJb J¶m?
CÎma … 10 n¡go H$m {g¸$m nwadm Zo {ZJb {b¶m Wm&
5.^maV Ho$ amOXÿV H$m¡Z Wo?
CÎma … ^maV Ho$ amOXÿV Ho$. ~r. bmb Wo&
6.gyaO H$hm± Iwer H$m àVrH$ h¡?
CÎma … gyaO ¶yamon ‘| Iwer H$m àVrH$ h¡&
7.H$hm± H$m g‘wÐVQ> ~hþV gwÝXa Wm?
CÎma … ’«|$M A{^ZoÌr {~«{OQ> ~maXmo Ho$ Jm±d g¢Q> Vmono H$m g‘wÐVQ> ~hþV gwÝXa Wm&
8."O‘r ~’©$ H$m H$dM' H$hmZr H$s bo{IH$m H$m¡Z h¢?
CÎma … "O‘r ~’©$ H$m H$dM' H$hmZr H$s bo{IH$m gwf‘ ~oXr h¡&
9.H$hm± OmZda H$mo gmW Z bo OmZo H$s ‘Zmhr h¡?
CÎma … A‘o[aH$m ‘| OmZda H$mo gmW Z bo OmZo H$s ‘Zmhr h¡&
10.gwf‘ ~oXr {H$g g‘mMma nÌ H$s g§dmXXmVm ~Zr?
CÎma … gwf‘ ~oXr "Zd^maV Q>mB åg' g‘mMma nÌ H$s g§dmXXmVm ~Zr&
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BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm
6.1. BH$mB© H$m CX²Xoí¶
6.2 boIH$ H$m n[aM¶
6.3. àñVmdZm
6.4 aMZm H$m gmam§e
6.5. g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
6.6. ~moY àíZ
6.7. dñVw{Zð> àíZ / bKwÎmar àíZ
6.1 BH$mB© H$m CX²Xoí¶
-Bg BH$mB© Ûmam boIH$ AܶmnH$ nyU© qgh Ho$ ì¶{º$Ëd, CZH$s aMZmAm|
Ed§ boIZ e¡br H$m n[aM¶ àmá hmo gHo$Jm&
-Bgr BH$mB© ‘| "AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm' {Z~§Y H$m gmam§e ñnï> hmoJm&
-{Z~§Y go g§X^© g{hV ñnï>rH$aU Ed§ ~moY àíZmo§ H$s OmZH$mar ^r hmo gHo$Jr&
-{Z~§Y go g§~§{YV bKyÎmar àíZ ^r {X¶o JE h¢&
6.2 boIH$ H$m n[aM¶ /AܶmnH$- nyU© qgh
AܶmnH$ nyU© qgh H$m OÝ‘ 17 ’$adar 1881 H$mo npíM‘ gr‘màm§V (A~
nm{H$ñVmZ) Ho$ h ‹Omam {Obo Ho$ ‘w»¶ ZJa E~Q>m~mX Ho$ g‘rn gbhX J«m‘ ‘| hþAm
Wm& 1899 ‘| S>r. E. dr. H$m°boO, bmhm¡a, 28 {gVå~a, 1900 H$mo do Q>moH$¶mo {díd{dÚmb¶
OmnmZ Ho$ ’¡$H$ëQ>r Am°’$ ‘o{S>{gZ ‘| Am¡f{Y {Z‘m©U g§~§Yr agm¶Z H$m Aܶ¶Z H$aZo
Ho$ {b¶o "{deof N>mÌ' Ho$ ê$n ‘| à{dï> hmo JE Am¡a dhm± CÝhm|Zo nwao VrZ df© VH$
Aܶ¶Z {H$¶m& 1901 ‘| Q>moH$¶mo Ho$ "Amo[aE§Q>b ³b~' ‘| ^maV H$s ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE
ghmZw^y{V àmá H$aZo Ho$ CX²Xoí¶ go nyU©[g§h Zo H$B© CJ« ^mfU {XE VWm Hw$N> OmnmZr
{‘Ìm§o Ho$ gh¶moJ go ^maV-OmnmZr ³b~ H$s ñWmnZm H$s& 31 ‘mM©, 1931 H$mo XohamXÿZ
‘| CZH$m Xohm§V hmo J¶m&
‘w»¶ H¥${V¶m± - gƒr draVm, H$ݶmXmZ, n{dÌVm, AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm, ‘OXÿar Am¡a
ào‘ VWm A‘o[aH$m H$m ‘ñVmZm ¶moJr dmëQ> {h³Q> ‘¡Z Am{X&BH$mB© 6
AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm ({Z~§Y) - AܶmnH$ nyU© qgh
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6.3 àñVmdZm
"AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm' {Z~§Y ‘| AܶmnH$ nyU© qgh Zo gä¶Vm Ho$ ~mao ‘| {MÌU
{H$¶m h¡& dh AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm na {deof ~b XoVo h¢& {Og Vah ha Xoe H$s EH$
gä¶Vm hmoVr h¡, R>rH$ Cgr àH$ma ha ì¶{º$ Ho$ AmMaU H$s ^r EH$ gä¶Vm hmoVr
h¡& {dÚm, H$bm, H${dVm, gm{h˶, YZ Am¡a amOñd go ^r AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm A{YH$
Á¶mo{Vî‘Vr h¡& AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm‘¶ ^mfm gXm ‘m¡Z ahVr h¡&
6.4 {Z~§Y/aMZm H$m gmam§e
"AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm' {Z~§Y ‘| AܶmnH$ nyU© qgh Zo AmMaU H$s ‘hÎmm
H$mo {M{ÌV {H$¶m h¡& AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm H$mo àmá H$aHo$ EH$ H§$Jmb AmX‘r amOmAm|
Ho$ {Xbm| na ^r AnZm à^wËd O‘m gH$Vm h¡& ¶h gä¶mMaU ZmX H$aVm hþAm ^r
‘m¡Z h¡& ì¶m»¶mZ XoVm hþAm ^r ì¶m»¶mZ Ho$ nrN>o {N>nm h¡, amJ JmVm hþAm ^r
amJ Ho$ gwa Ho$ ^rVa n‹S>m h¡& ‘¥Xþ dMZm| H$s {‘R>mg ‘| AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm ‘m¡Z
ê$n go Iwbr hþB© h¡& Z‘«Vm, X¶m, ào‘ Am¡a CXmaVm g~ Ho$ g~ gä¶mMaU H$s
^mfm Ho$ ‘m¡Z ì¶m»¶mZ h¢& ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ OrdZ na ‘m¡Z ì¶m»¶mZ H$m à^md {MañWm¶r
hmoVm h¡& CgH$s AmË‘m EH$ A§J hmo OmVm h¡&
Z H$mbm, Z Zrbm, Z nrbm, Z g’o$X, Z nydu, Z npíM‘r, Z CÎmar, Z
X{jUr, ~o-Zm‘, ~o-{ZemZ, ~o-‘H$mZ, {demb AmË‘m Ho$ AmMaU go ‘m¡Z ê${nUr,
gwJpÝY gXm àgm[aV hþAm H$aVr h¡, BgHo$ ‘m¡Z go àgyV ào‘ Am¡a n{dÌVm-Y‘©
gmao OJV H$m H$ë¶mU H$aHo$ {dñV¥V hmoVo h¡&
AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm AWdm ‘m¡Zê$nr ì¶m»¶mZ ‘hÎmm BVZr ~bdVr, BVZr
AW©dVr Am¡a BVZr à^mddVr hmoVr h¡ {H$ CgHo$ gm‘Zo ³¶m ‘mV¥^mfm, ³¶m gm{h˶
^mfm Am¡a ³¶m Aݶ Xoe H$s ^mfm g~ H$s g~ VwÀN> àVrV hmoVr h¢& Aݶ H$moB©
^mfm {Xì¶ Zht, Ho$db AmMaU H$s ‘m¡Z ^mfm hr B©ídar¶ h¡&
boIH$ Ho$ AZwgma ào‘ H$s ^mfm eãX-a{hV h¡& ZoÌm| H$s, H$nmobmo H$s, ‘ñVH$
H$s ^mfm ^r eãX-a{hV h¡& OrdZ H$m VËd ^r eãX go nao h¡& gƒm AmMaU-
à^md, erb, AMb pñWV g§¶wº$ AmMaU Z Vmo gm{h˶ Ho$ b§~o ì¶m»¶mZm| go J‹T>m
Om gH$Vm h¡, Z doX H$s lw{V¶m| Ho$ ‘rR>o CnXoe go, Z B§Orb go, Z Hw$amZ go,
Z Y‘©MMm© go, Z Ho$db gËg§J go, OrdZ Ho$ Aaʶ ‘| Y§go hþE nwéf na àH¥${V
Am¡a ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ ‘m¡Z ì¶m»¶mZm| Ho$ ¶ËZ go gwZma Ho$ N>moQ>o hWm¡‹S>o H$s ‘§X-
‘§X MmoQ>m| H$s Vah AmMaU H$m ê$n à˶j hmoVm h¡& AmMaU ^r {h‘mb¶ H$s Vah
EH$ D±$Mo H$be dmbm ‘§{Xa h¡& nwñVH$m| ‘| {bIo hþE ZwñIm| go Vmo Am¡a ^r A{YH$
~XhO‘r hmo OmVr h¡& B©ídar¶ ‘m¡Z eãX Am¡a ^mfm H$m {df¶ Zht&
‘Zwî¶ H$m OrdZ BVZm {demb h¡ {H$ Cg‘| AmMaU H$mo ê$n XoZo Ho$ {bE
ZmZm àH$ma Ho$ D±$M-ZrM Am¡a ^bo-~wao {dMma, A‘rar Am¡a Jar~r, CÞ{V Am¡amunotes.in

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AdZ{V B˶m{X ghm¶Vm nhþ±MmVo h¢& ZoÌ-a{hV H$mo gy¶© go ³¶m bm^ H${dVm, gm{h˶,
nra, n¡J§~a, Jwê$, AmMm¶©, F${f Am{X Ho$ CnXoemo go bm^ CR>mZo H$m ¶{X AmË‘m
‘o§ ~b Zhr§ Vmo CZgo ³¶m bm^ O~ VH$ ¶h OrdZ H$m ~rO n¥Ïdr Ho$ ‘b-‘yÌ
Ho$ T>oa ‘| n‹S>m h¡&
AmMaU H$m {dH$mg OrdZ H$m na‘moX²Xoí¶ h¡& O~ VH$ {ZY©Z nwéf nmn go
AnZm noQ> ^aVm h¡ V~ VH$ YZdmZ nwéf Ho$ ewÜXmMaU H$s nyar narjm Zht& Bgr
àH$ma O~ VH$ AkmZr H$m AmMaU AewÜX h¡ V~ VH$ kmZdmZ Ho$ AmMaU H$s nyar
narjm Zht V~ VH$ OJV ‘| AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm H$m amÁ¶ Zht& AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm
H$m Xoe hr {Zambm h¡& Cg‘| Z emar[aH$ PJ‹S>o h¢, Z ‘mZ{gH$, Z AmܶmpË‘H$, Z
Cg‘| {dÐmoh h¡, Z OJ hr H$m Zm‘mo{ZemZ h¡ Am¡a Z dh m± H $ m o B © C ± M m h ¡ , Z
ZrMm& Z H$moB© dh m± YZdmZ h¡ Am¡a Z hr H$moB© d hm± {ZY©Z& {Og g‘¶ AmMaU H$s
gä¶Vm g§gma ‘o§ AmVr h¡ Cg g‘¶ Zrbo AmH$me go ‘Zwî¶ H$mo doX-Üd{Z gwZm¶r
XoVr h¡& Mmam| Va’$ {ed hr {ed h¡&
6.5 g§X^© g{hV ñnï>rH$aU
"AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm' H$m Xoe hr {Zambm h¡& Cg‘| Z em[aarH$ PJ‹S>o h¡, Z
‘mZ{gH$, Z AmܶmpË‘H$& Z Cg‘| {dÐmoh h¡, Z O§J hr H$m Zm‘mo{ZemZ h¡ Am¡a Z dhm±
H$moB© C±Mm h¡, Z ZrMm&
g§X^© …
Cn¶©wº$ n§{º$¶m± "AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm' {Z~§Y go br JB© h¡§& BgHo$ boIH$
AܶmnH$ nyU© qgh Or h¢& ¶h {Z~§Y "JÚ {d{dYm' nwñVH$ ‘| g§H${bV h¡& BgH$m
g§nmXZ qhXr Aܶ¶Z ‘§S>b, ‘w§~B© {díd{dÚmb¶, ‘w§~B© Zo {H$¶m h¡&
àg§J …
BZ n§{º$¶m| ‘| boIH$ Zo gä¶Vm Am¡a CgHo$ {d{^Þ ê$nm| H$m {MÌU H$aVo
hþE AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm H$s ‘hÎmm H$m dU©Z {H$¶m h¡&
ñnï>rH$aU …
"AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm' {Z~§Y ‘| boIH$ AܶmnH$ nyU© qgh Zo AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm
H$mo àmá H$aHo$ EH$ H§$Jmb AmX‘r amOmAm| Ho$ {Xbm| na ^r AnZm à^wËd O‘m gH$Vm
h¡ VWm AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm‘¶ ^mfm gXm ‘m¡Z ahVr h¡& AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm H$m Xoe
hr {Zambm h¡& Cg‘| Z emar[aH$ PJ‹S>o h¡, Z ‘mZ{gH$, Z AmܶmpË‘H$ Z Cg‘| {dÐmoh
h¡, Z O§J hr H$m Zm‘mo{ZemZ h¡, Am¡a Z dhm± H$moB© C±Mm h¡, Z ZrMm& Z H$moB© dhm± YZdmZ
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{deof …
1.boIH$ Zo AmMaU H$s ‘hÎmm à{Vnm{XV H$s h¡&
2.Cn¶©wº$ n§{º$¶m| H$s ^mfm ghO d gab h¡&
3.AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm ‘| g~ EH$ g‘mZ hmoVo h¢&
4.AmMaU H$s gä ¶Vm H$m Xoe {Zambm h¡&
6.6 ~moY àíZ …
1."AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm' {Z~§Y H$m Ho$ÝÐr¶ ^md ñnï> H$s{OE&
2."AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm'‘¶ ^mfm gXm ‘m¡Z ahVr h¡& Bg H$WZ H$s
g‘rjm H$s{OE?
3."AmMaU H$m {dH$mg OrdZ H$m na‘moCÔoí¶ h¡&' Bg na àH$me S>m{bE&
4."AmMaU H$s g ä¶Vm' H$m Xoe hr {Zambm h¡& Bgo ñnï> H$s{OE&
6.7 dñVw{Zð>/bKwÎmar àíZ …
1."AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm' {Z~§Y Ho$ boIH$ H$m¡Z h¢?
CÎma … "AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm' {Z~§Y Ho$ boIH$ AܶmnH$ nyU© qgh h¢&
2."AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm‘¶' ^mfm gXm H¡$gr ahVr h¡?
CÎma … "AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm‘¶' ^mfm gXm ‘m¡Z ahVr h¡&
3.AmMaU Ho$ ‘m¡Z ì¶m»¶mZ go {H$gH$mo EH$ Z¶m OrdZ àmá hmoVm h¡?
CÎma … AmMaU Ho$ ‘m¡Z ì¶m»¶mZ go ‘Zwî¶ H$mo EH$ Z¶m OrdZ àmá hmoVm h¡&
4.{h‘mb¶ H$s Vah EH$ D±$Mo H$be dmbm ‘§{Xa H$m¡Z h¡?
CÎma … AmMaU {h‘mb¶ H$s Vah EH$ D±$Mo H$bedmbm ‘ § { X a h ¡ &
5.{H$gH$m {dH$mg OrdZ H$m na‘moX²Xoí¶ h¡?
CÎma … AmMaU H$m {dH$mg OrdZ H$m na‘moX²Xoí¶ h¡&
6.{H$ggo A{YH$ ~XhO‘r hmo OmVr h¡?
CÎma … nwñVH$mo ‘| {bIo hþE ZwgImo go A{YH$ ~XhO‘r hmo OmVr h¡&
7."AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm' H$m Xoe H¡$gm h¡?
CÎma … "AmMaU H$s gä¶Vm' H$m Xoe {Zambm h¡&
8.ào‘ H$s ^mfm H¡$gr h¡&
CÎma … ào‘ H$s ^mfm eãXa{hV h¡&
9.Ambñ¶ ³¶m h¡?
CÎma … Ambñ¶ ‘¥Ë¶w h¡&
10.nwîndV H$m¡Z {IbVo OmVo h¢?
CÎma … Za-Zmar nwîndV { IbVo OmVo h¢&
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BH$mB© H$s énaoIm
7.1BH$mB© H$m CX²Xoí¶
7.2coIH$ H$m n[aM¶
7.3àñVmdZm
7.4aMZm H$m gmam§e
7.5g§X^© g{hV ñnï>rH$aU
7.6~moY àíZ
7.7dñVw{Zð>/cKwÎmar¶ àíZ
7.1 BH$mB© H$m CX²Xoí¶ …
-Bg BH$mB© Ûmam coIH$ í¶m¡amO qgh "~oM¡Z' Ho$ ì¶p³VËd, CZH$s aMZmAm|
Ed§ coIZ e¡cr H$m n[aM¶ àmá hmo gHo$Jm&
-Bgr BH$mB© ‘| "ApñW¶m| Ho$ Aja' g§ñ‘aU H$m gmam§e ñnï> hmoJm&
-g§ñ‘aU go g§X^© g{hV ñnï>rH$aU Ed§ ~moY àíZmo H$s OmZH$mar ^r hmo gHo$Jr&
-g§ñ‘aU go g§~§{YV cKyÎmar àíZ ^r {X¶o JE h¢&
7.2 coIH$ H$m n[aM¶/í¶m¡amO qgh "~oM¡Z' …
í¶m¡amO [g§h "~oM¡Z' Zo AnZm n[aM¶ ñd§¶ {X¶m h¡& CZHo$ AZwgma - "‘¢
CÎma àXoe Ho$ EH$ ~hþV hr {nN>‹S>o hþE Jm§d ZÝXam¡cr (~Xm¶y§) ‘| n¡Xm hþAm
Wm& ‘oao nyd©O Ho$ H$m‘ H$aZo Ho$ {cE ‘wXm© ‘doer CRmZm, CZH$m M‘‹S>m CVmaZm, CgH$mo
ewÕ H$aHo$ g‘mO Ho$ {cE Cn¶moJr ~ZmZm, ¶h g~ {H$¶X H$aZo H$m Wm& co{H$Z
Amn XoI gH$Vo h¢ {H$ Bg Vah Ho$ XþK©Q>Zm Ho$ H$maU Omo ‘oao ~MnZ H$mo EH$ g§H$Q>
H$s pñW{V ‘o S>mc {X¶m J¶m Wm& ‘Vb~ O~ ‘¢ cJ^J 5-6 gm b H$m Wm EH$
XþK©Q>Zm ‘| ‘oao {nVmOr H$s ‘¥Ë¶w hmo J¶r& ‘m± A{e{jV Wr& ‘oao ~m~m H$m EH$ n¡a
Qy>Q> MwH$m h¡ CZHo$ N>moQ>o ^mB© Z~rZm Wo ‘oao VmAmo Or ZoÌhrZ Wo& Cg pñW {V ‘| h‘
~oKa hmo JE Am¡a Cgr g‘¶ go ‘oar ¶mÌm Xÿgao Ho$ ghmao ewê$ hmo J¶r&'BH$mB© 7
ApñW¶m| Ho$ Aja (g§ñ‘aU) - í¶m¡amO qgh ~oM¡Z
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AI~mamo ‘| coIZ H$m H$m‘ N>mÌ OrdZ go ewê$ hþAm Am¡a n{ÌH$mAm| ‘|
‘oar H${dVm ÔnVr ewê$ hþB©&
7.3 àñVmdZm …
"ApñW¶m| Ho$ Aja' g§ñ‘aU ‘| í¶m¡amO ‘| í¶m¡amO qgh "~oM¡Z' Zo AnZo
ñHy$cr OrdZ H$m {MÌU {H$¶m h¡& CZHo$ OrdZ H$m g§Kf© O~ boIH$ d{U©V h¡& "KQ>Zm
H$ar~ Vrg df© nhco H$s h¡& nmb ‘wH$s‘nwa Ho$ àmì¶{ÌH$ {dÚmc¶ ‘| gm¡Voco ^mB©
ê$nqgh Ho$ gmW n‹T>Zo OmZo cJm Wm, nhcr {H$Vm~ Ho$ gmao Aja n‹T>
J¶m Wm&'
7.4 aMZm H$m gmam§e …
"ApñW¶m| Ho$ Aja' g§ñ‘aU ‘| í¶m¡amO qgh "~oM¡Z' Zo AnZo OrdZ Ho$
‘hÎdnyU© àg§Jmo H$mo {M{ÌV {H$¶m h¡& ~MnZ H$m àg§J, OrdZ H$m g§Kf© Ed§ OrdZ
H$s àoaUm Am{X&
KQ>Zm H$ar~ 30 df© nhco H$s h¡, O~ boIH$ nmc ‘wH$s‘nwa Ho$ àW{‘H$
{dÚmc¶ ‘| gm¡Voco ^mB© ê$n qgh Ho$ gmW n‹T>Zo OmZo cJm Wm, nhcr {H$Vm~ Ho$
gmao Aja n‹T> J¶m Wm& én qgh ‘wPgo S>o‹T>-Xmo gmc ~‹S>m Wm co{H$Z h‘ XmoZmo
H$m Xm{Icm EH$ gmW EH$ hr H$jm ‘| {H$¶m J¶m Wm& gmc ^r Zht JwOam hmoJm,
V~ VH$ EH$ Am¡a ‘mo‹S> Bg KQ>Zm ‘| Am¶m, hþAm ¶h {H$ ê$nqgh nhcr {H$Vm~
Ho$ Aja ^r ¶mX Zht H$a nm¶m&
coIH$ Ho$ AZwgma - "{ejH$ H$s ¶h [anmoQ>© gwZH$a, {^Imarcmc Ho$ VrZm|
^mB© ~hþV {MpÝVV hþE, CZ {XZm| ‘oar "‘m±' {^Imarbmb H$s Xÿgar nËZr Ho$ én ‘|
Wr Am¡a N>moQ>ocmc Am¡a S>mcM§X Hw±$dmao Wo, BZ‘| N>moQ>obmb Vmo AmOrdZ Hw±$dmao hr aho&
Cg {XZ ‘mñQ>a Or Ho$ ~¶mZ Zo Ka ‘| hmbmV Iam~ H$a {XE, VrZm| ^mB¶m| H$mo
ImZo-nrZo H$s {MÝVm go Á¶mXm Bg ~mV H$s {MÝVm Zo PQ>H$m {X¶m H$s CZH$m ê$nqgh
n‹T>Zo ‘| H$‘Omoa h¡& AmnH$m ~‹S>m b‹S>H$m ~wpÜX go ~‹S>m Zht h¡, C‘« go ~‹S>m h¡,
dh n‹T> ^r gH$Vm h¡, XmoZmo§ H$mo EH$ hr ³bmg ‘| Mbm nmZm gå^d Zht h¡& ¶h
gwZH$a VrZm| ^mB© Ka AmE Am¡a énqgh Ho$ ^{dî¶ H$mo boH$a {MpÝVV hmoZo bJo&
{^Imarbmb Am¡a "‘m±' ‘| A³ga PJ‹S>m hmoVm ahVm Wm&
{^Imar {OX²Xr Am¡a JÝXr Jm{b¶m± XoZo ‘| Zå~a dZ AmX‘r Wm&
XmoZm| EH$-Xÿgao Ho$ ~oQ>o Ho$ AH$ë¶mU H$s ^{dî¶dm{U¶m± H$aZo bJo, ~ñVr
Ho$ Hw$N> bmoJm| H$mo ~wam bJm {H$ Zht n‹T>mZm Wm Vmo Zht n‹T>mVm, ‘Ja {H$Vm~o-n{Q²>Q>¶m±
Myëho na aIH$a Obm XoZm H$hm± H$s g‘PXmar h¡, na ¶o h¡ hr ~wam AmX‘r H$hH$a
bmoJ AnZo-AnZo Ka Mbo JE& Xmo-VrZ {XZ VH$ ‘wPo Ajam| Ho$ Xe©Z Zhr§ hþE,
~ñVr Ho$ Xmo-VrZ Am¡a b‹S>Ho$ ‘oao gmW Ho$ Wo& ‘¢ bwH$-{N>nH$a CZH$s {H$Vm~ ‘|munotes.in

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~Zo "H$' go H$~yVa, "I' go IaJmoe, "J' go JYm n‹T> AmVm& gm¡ VH$ {JZVr ¶mX
Wr, naÝVw {^Imar H$mo ¶h ^r ~wam bJm, O~ Cgo nVm Mbm {H$ ‘¢ Xÿgamo§ Ho$ Ka
OmH$a ~ƒm| Ho$ gmW ahVm h±ÿ& ‘¢ ha {XZ ¶h OwJm‹S> XoI ahm Wm {H$ H$ht go
Mma-N>h AmZm n¡go hmW bJo Vmo ‘¢ EH$ {H$Vm~ IarX by±&
g‘¶ Mb ahm Wm& CZ {XZm| {Xdmbr Ho$ Amgnmg nmbr ‘| OwAm ~hþV
Iobm OmVm Wm& MmMm Zo VwaÝV ‘oam hmW nH$‹S>m Am¡a Ka H$s Amoa dmng
hþE& MbVo-MbVo do ~Vm aho Wo& C„m H$mo EH$ én¶m H$m CgZo Oo~ ‘o§ go {ZH$mbm
Wm>& go Cdm Zo Ka ‘| CÜX‘ H$m[a aIm¡ h¡& Ka Am‘ amñVo go Wmo‹S>m ^rVa Jbr
‘| Wm& O~ ‘| én¶m MwamH$a J¶m Wm, CÝh| H$m‘ H$aVo N>mo‹S> J¶m Wm, MmMm Ho$ gmW
bm¡Q>m Vmo XoIm- ‘oar ‘m± H$gmB© Ûmam H$mQ>r Om ahr "Jm¶' H$s Vah Omoa-Omoa go MrI
ahr Wr& C„m Vy amjg h¡& {^I[a¶m, VyZo Vmo AnZr ~D$H$mo ‘mat hr, S>ëbm go ³¶m§o
{nQ>dm¶m& Cg KQ>Zm Ho$ ~mX H$ar~ ~mah gmb N>mÌ Ho$ ê$n ‘| ‘¡Zo {H$gr ^r {dÚmb¶
H$m ‘w±h Zht XoIm&
H$ar~ 20 gmb ~mX O~ ‘¢Zo J«¡OwEeZ H$a {b¶m Wm Vmo OëXr Zm¡H$ar nmH$a
‘¡§ ‘m± H$s dh KQ>Zm ~VmZo H$s CËgwH$Vm ‘| Wm& qH$Vw ‘m± Zht Wr& boIH$ Zo AnZo
{H$E H$s ‘m’$s VH$ ‘m±J Z nmE&
boIH$ Zo AnZo g§Kf©, AnZr ‘m± Am¡a Aݶ KQ>ZmAm| H$m ‘m{‘©H$ {MÌU
àñVwV {H$¶m h¡&
7.5 g§X^© g{hV ñnï>rH$aU …
"AmnH$m ~‹S>m b‹S>H$m ~wpÜX go ~‹S>m Zht h¡, C‘« go ~‹S>m h¡, dh n‹T> ^r
gH$Vm h¡, XmoZm| H$mo EH$ hr ³bmg ‘| Mbm nmZm gå^d Zht h¡, Vw‘ ñHy$b ^oOVo
ahZm MmhVo hmo& Vmo em¡H$ go ^oOmo, na AJbr H$jm ‘| í¶m¡amO hr OmEJm,
énqgh Zht&'
g§X^© …
Cn¶©wº$ n§{º$¶m| "ApñW¶mo§ Ho$ Aja' g§ñ‘aU go br JB© h¢& BgHo$ boIH$
í¶m¡amO qgh "~oM¡Z' h¢& ¶h g§ñ‘aU "JÚ {d{dYm' nwñVH$ ‘| g§H${bV h¡& BgH$m
g§nmXZ qhXr Aܶ¶Z ‘§S>b, ‘w§~B© {díd{dÚmb¶, ‘w§~B© Zo {H$¶m h¡&
àg§J …
BZ n§{º$¶m| ‘| boIH$ AnZo ~MnZ Ho$ g‘¶ Ho$ g§Kf© Am¡a gm¡Vobo ^mB©
énqgh H$s n‹T>mB© Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| MMm© H$aVo h¢&munotes.in

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ñnï>rH$aU …
"ApñW¶m| Ho$ Aja' g§ñ‘aU ‘| boIH$ í¶m¡amO qgh "~¡MoZ' AnZo ~MnZ
Ho$ g§Kf© H$mo {M{ÌV H$aVo h¢& KQ>Zm H$ar~ 30 df© nhbo H$s h¢, O~ boIH$ nmb
‘wH$s‘nya Ho$ àmW{‘H$ {dÚmb¶ ‘| gm¡Vobo ^mB© ê$n qgh Ho$ gmW n‹T>Zo OmVo Wo&
‘mñQ>aOr Zo g‘Pm¶m AmnH$m ~‹S>m b‹S>H$m ~wpÜX go ~‹S>m Zht h¡, C‘« go ~‹S>m h¡,
dh n‹T> ^r gH$Vm h¡, XmoZm| H$mo EH$ hr ³bmg ‘| Mbm nmZm gå^d Zht h¡, Vw‘
ñHy$b ^oOVo ahZm MmhVo hmo Vmo em¡H$ go ^oOmo, na AJbr H$jm ‘| í¶m¡amO hr OmEJm,
ê$nqgh Zht& ¶h gwZH$a VrZm| ^mB© Ka AmE Am¡a ê$nqgh Ho$ ^{dî¶ H$mo boH$a
{MpÝVV hmoZo bJo&
{deof …
1.Cn¶©wº$ n§{º$¶m| H$s ^mfm ghO Am¡a gab h¡&
2.boIH$ Zo AnZo ~MnZ H$m {MÌ àñVwV {H$¶m h¡&
3.{ejm H$mo boH$a {nVm Ho$ Ûmam ~oQ>o H$s {ejm na qMVm 춺$ H$s JB© h¡&
4.í¶m¡amO qgh "~oM¡Z' Zo g§ñ‘aU H$mo ‘m{‘©H$ ê$n ‘| àñVwV {H$¶m h¡&
7.6 ~moY àíZ …
1."ApñW¶mo Ho$ Aja' g§ñ‘aU H$m gmam§e AnZo eãXm| ‘| {b{IE?
2.g§ñ‘aU Ûmam í¶m¡amO qgh "~¡MoZ' Zo AnZo ~MnZ Ho$ g§Kf© H$mo {M{ÌV
{H$¶m h¡& Bg na àH$me S>m{bE&
3.boIH$ Am¡a CZHo$ ^mB© én qgh H$m M[aÌ {MÌU g§ñ‘aU Ho$ AmYma na H$s{OE&
4.boIH$ Ho$ ‘m± H$m ‘m{‘©H$ ê$n d{U©V {H$¶m h¡& BgH$s g‘rjm H$s{OE&
7.7 dñVw{Zð>/bKwÎmar àíZ …
1."ApñW¶mo Ho$ Aja' g§ñ‘aU Ho$ boIH$ H$m¡Z h¢?
CÎma … "ApñW¶mo Ho$ Aja' g§ñ‘aU Ho$ boIH$ í¶m¡amO qgh "~oM¡Z' h¢&
2.boIH$ Ho$ gm¡Vbo ^mB© H$m ³¶m Zm‘ h¢?
CÎma … boIH$ Ho$ gm¡Vbo ^mB© H$m Zm‘ ê$n qgh h¡&
3.H$m¡Z Hw±$dmao Wo?
CÎma … N>moQ>obmb Am¡a S>mbM§X Hw±$dmao Wo&
4.nmbr ‘| ~mn H$mo ³¶m H$hm OmVm h¡?
CÎma … nmbr ‘| ~mn H$mo "XmXm' H$hm OmVm h¡&munotes.in

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5.~w{Õ go H$m¡Z ~‹S>m Zhr§ Wm?
CÎma … ~w{Õ go ê$nqgh ~‹S>m Zhr§ Wm&
6.OwAm H$m¡Z IobVm Wm?
CÎma … OwAm S>mbM§X IobVm Wm&
7.Oy{V¶m± ~ZmZo H$s XþH$mZ {H$gH$s Wr?
CÎma … Oy{V¶m± ~ZmZo H$s XþH$mZ {^Imar bmb H$s Wr&
8.boIH$ H$s ‘m± Ho$ ‘w±h ‘o§ nmZr {H$gZo S>mbm?
CÎma … boIH$ H$r ‘m± Ho$ ‘w±h ‘| nmZr ~ra~b ~m~m H$s Kadmbr Zo S>mbm&
9.boIH$ H$s ~hZ H$m ³¶m Zm‘ h¡&
CÎma … boIH$ H$s ~hZ H$m Zm‘ ‘m¶mXodr h¡&
10. boIH$ Ho$ {nVm H$m¡Z h¢?
CÎma … boIH$ Ho$ {nVm {^Imarbmb h¢&
H H HH H HH H HH H HH H H
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BH$mB© H$s énaoIm
8.1 boIH$ n[aM¶
8.2 Cnݶmg H$s H$WmdñVw
8.3 à‘wI nmÌm| H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU
8.4 Cnݶmg H$m n[adoe
8.5 g§dmX Am¡a ^mfm e¡br
8.6 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
8.7 g§^m{dV XrKm}Îmar¶ àíZ
8.8 bKwÎmar¶ àíZ
8.1 boIH$ n[aM¶ :
^JdVrMaU d‘m© H$m OÝ‘ CÎma àXoe Ho$ CÞmd {Obo Ho$ e’$snwa Jm±d ‘|
30 AJñV, gZ 1903 H$mo hþAm Wm& d‘m©Or Zo Bbmhm~mX go ~r.E., Ed§ Eb.Eb.~r.
H$s {S>J«r àmá H$s& CÝhm|Zo AnZo H$mì¶ boIZ H$m àma§^ ‘mÌ 14-15 df© H$r AdñWm
‘| H$a {X¶m Wm& N>m¶mdmXmoÎma {hÝXr H${dVm H$s ̶r ‘| am‘Ymar qgh {XZH$a Am¡a
h[ad§e am¶ ~ƒZ Ho$ ~mX Vrgam Zm‘ ^JdVrMaU d‘m© H$m hr {b¶m OmVm h¡&
AnZo àW‘ Cnݶmg "nVZ' Ho$ ~mX 1934 {MÌboIm Ho$ àH$m{eV hmoZo Ho$ ~mX CZH$s
nhMmZ EH$ CnݶmgH$ma Ho$ ê$n ‘| ^r ~Z JB©& gZ 1936 Ho$ Amg-nmg CÝhm|Zo
{’$ë‘ H$m°anmoaoeZ, H$bH$Îmm ‘| H$m¶© {H$¶m& Hw$N> {XZm| VH$ "{dMma' Zm‘H$ gmám{hH$
H$m àH$meZ, g§nmXZ, BgHo$ ~mX ~§~B© ‘| {’$ë‘-H$WmboIZ VWm X¡{ZH$ "ZdOrdZ'
H$m gånmXZ, {’$a AmH$medmUr Ho$ H$B© H|$Ðm| ‘| H$m¶© H$aVo hþE gZ 1957 go do
nyU© ê$n go boIZ H$m¶© go Ow‹S> JE Am¡a OrdZ Ho$ A§{V‘ {XZm|- gZ 1981 VH$
{Za§Va boIZ H$m¶© H$aVo aho& CZ aMZm "^ybo-{~gao {MÌ' H$mo gm{h˶ AH$mX‘r
àñH$ma go gå‘m{ZV {H$¶m J¶m& ^maV gaH$ma Ûmam CÝh§o nÙ^yfU go gå‘m{ZV {H$¶m
J¶m Am¡a amÁ¶g^m Ho$ ‘mZX gXñ¶ H$m Jm¡ad ^r CÝh§o àmá hþAm&
H¥${VËd …
H$hmZr g§J«h- ‘moMm©~§Xr; H${dVm g§J«h- ‘YwH$U, ào‘ g§JrV, ‘mZd; ZmQ>H$-
dgrhV, én¶m Vwåh| Im J¶m; g§ñ‘aU-AVrV Ho$ J^© go; gm{h˶mbmoMZ-gm{h˶
Ho$ {gÜXm§V, ag; Cnݶmg-nVZ, {MÌboIm, VrZ df©, Q>o‹T>o ‘o‹T>o amñVo, AnZo {Ibm¡Zo,
^ybo {~gao {MÌ, dh {’$a Zhr§ AmB©, gm‘϶© Am¡a gr‘m, WHo$ nm±d, aoIm, grYr
gƒr ~mV|, ¶wdamO MyÊS>m, g~qh ZMmdV am‘ JmogmB©; àíZ Am¡a ‘ar{MH$m, Ywßnb,
MmU³¶ B˶m{X&BH$mB© 8
{MÌboIm (Cnݶmg) - ^JdVrMaU d‘m©
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d‘m© Or H$m ì¶{º$Ëd ^mdZmàYmZ Wm& CÝhm|Zo AnZo OrdZ Ho$ àm¶… g^r
‘hÎdnyU© ‘mo‹S>mo§ na AnZo {ZU©¶ ^mdZm Ho$ AmYma na {b¶o, ~wpÜX Ho$ AmYma na
Zht& do ñd¶§ ñdrH$ma H$aVo Wo {H$ "‘¢ H$bmH$ma ¶m gm{h˶H$ma Bg{bE ~Z J¶m
{H$ ‘oao AÝXa AnZo H$mo R>rH$ go A{^춺$ H$aZo H$s àd¥{Îm Wr& ‘wP‘| ^mdZmË‘H$
A{^ì¶{º$ H$s àoaUm OÝ‘OmV Wr&' CZH$m à{gÜX Cnݶmg {MÌboIm Bgr ^mdZmË‘H$
A{^ì¶{º$ H$s CnO h¡& CZH$m àW‘ Cnݶmg "nVZ' (1928) Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>ZmAm|
na AmYm[aV h¡ {Og‘| dm{OXAbr emh H$s {dbm{gVm H$m dU©Z h¡& {MÌboIm (1934)
CZH$m Xÿgam Cnݶmg h¡& Bg Cnݶmg ‘| ‘mZd OrdZ H$mo Am¡a CgH$s AÀN>mB¶m|-
~wamB¶m| H$mo XoIZo-naIZo H$m boIH$ H$m EH$ Z¶m X¥{ï>H$moU C^a H$a AmVm h¡&
{hÝXr ‘| ñnï> ì¶{º$dmXr qMVZ H$m àma§^ AZoH$ {dÛmZm| Zo {MÌboIm go hr ‘mZm
h¡& Bg aMZm H$m CÔoí¶ hr g‘mO H$s ê$‹T> Z¡{VH$ ‘mݶVmAm| go Agh‘{V 춺$
H$a ì¶{º$ H$s {dMmaYmam H$mo ‘hÎd XoZm h¡& Bg ê$n ‘| {MÌboIm {hÝXr Cnݶmg
gm{h˶ H$m àW‘ ì¶{º$dmXr KmofUm nÌ h¡ Omo g§ñH$mam| Ho$ ~moP go X~r hþB© X¥{ï>
H$mo ¶h Cnݶmg EH$ Z¶m AmH$me XoVm h¡& nmn Am¡a nwʶ Ho$ ñdén H$mo ñnï> H$aZo
Ho$ {bE a{MV Bg Cnݶmg ‘| boIH$ H$m H$bm H$m¡eb Am¡a CgH$s H$mën{ZH$Vm
H$m gwÝXa g‘Ýd¶ {XImB© XoVm h¡&
"{MÌboIm' Z Ho$db ^JdVrMaU d‘m© H$mo EH$ CnݶmgH$ma Ho$ ê$n ‘| à{Vð>m
{XbmZo dmbm nhbm Cnݶmg h¡ ~pëH$ qhXr Ho$ CZ {dabo Cnݶmgm| ‘| ^r JUZr¶
h¡, {OZH$s bmoH${à¶Vm ~am~a H$mb H$s gr‘m H$mo bm±KVr ahr h¡& {MÌboIm H$s
H$Wm nmn Am¡a nwʶ H$s g‘ñ¶m na AmYm[aV h¡& nmn ³¶m h¡? CgH$m {Zdmg H$hm§
h¡? BZ àíZm| H$m CÎma ImoOZo Ho$ {bE aËZmå~a Ho$ Xmo {eî¶, œoVm§H$ Am¡a {dembXod,
H«$‘e… gm‘§V ~rOJwá Am¡a ¶moJr Hw$‘ma{J[a H$s eaU ‘| OmVo h¢& BZHo$ gmW ahVo
hþE œoVm§H$ Am¡a {dembXod {ZVmÝV {^Þ OrdZmZw^dm| go JwOaVo h¡§ Am¡a CZHo$ {ZîH$fm]
na ‘hmà^w aËZmå~a H$s {Q>ßnUr ¶h h¡ {H$, ""g§gma ‘| nmn Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡, ¶h
Ho$db ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ X¥{ï>H$moU H$s {df‘Vm H$m Xÿgam Zm‘ h¢& h‘ Z nmn H$aVo h¢ Am¡a
Z nwʶ H$aVo h¢, h‘ Ho$db dh H$aVo h¢ Omo h‘| H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡&'' ¶hr {ZMmo‹S>
Bg Cnݶmg H$m g§Xoe ^r h¡& "{MÌboIm' Cnݶmg na Xmo ~ma {’$ë‘ {Z‘m©U hmo
MwH$m h¡&
8.2 "{MÌboIm' Cnݶmg H$s H$WmdñVw …
Cnݶmg "{MÌboIm' Zo ^JdVrMaU d‘m© Or H$mo EH$ CnݶmgH$ma Ho$ ê$n
‘| à{V{ð>V {H$¶m h¡& ¶h Cnݶmg nmn Am¡a nwʶ H$s g‘ñ¶m na AmYm[aV h¡& {MÌboIm
H$s H$Wm dhm± go àma§^ hmoVr h¡ O~ ‘hmà^w aËZmå~a AnZo Xmo {eî¶ œoVm§H$ Am¡a
{dembXod H$mo ¶h nVm bJmZo Ho$ {bE H$hVo h¢ {H$ nmn ³¶m h¡? VWm nwʶ {H$go
H$h|Jo? aËZmå~a XmoZm| go H$hVm h¡ {H$ Vwåh| g§gma ‘| ¶o Ty>§T>Zm hmoJm, {OgHo$ {bE
Vwåho§ Xmo bmoJm| H$s ghm¶Vm H$s Amdí¶H$Vm hmoJr& EH$ ¶moJr h¡ {OgH$m Zm‘ Hw$‘ma{Jar
Am¡a Xÿgam ^moJr- {OgH$m Zm‘ ~rOJwá h¡& Vw‘ XmoZm| H$mo BZHo$ OrdZ-òmoV Ho$ gmWmunotes.in

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hr ~hZm hmoJm& ‘hmà^w aËZmå~a Zo {dembXod Am¡a œoVm§H$ Ho$ é{M¶m| H$mo XoIVo
hþE œoVm§H$ H$mo ~rOJwá Ho$ nmg Am¡a {dembXod H$mo ¶moJr Hw$‘ma{Jar Ho$ nmg ^oO
{X¶m& aËZmå~a CZHo$ OmZo go nhbo CZgo H$hVm h¡ {H$ h‘ EH$ df© ~mX {’$a ¶ht
{‘b|Jo, A~ Vw‘ XmoZm| OmAmo Am¡a AnZm AZw^d àmá H$amo& {H$ÝVw ܶmZ aho Bg
AZw^d ‘| Vw‘ ñd¶§ Z Sy>~ OmZm& aËZmå~a Ho$ AmXoemZwgma œoVm§H$ Am¡a {dembXod
AnZo-AnZo ‘mJ© na MbZo H$mo V¡¶ma hmo OmVo h¡& MbZo go nyd© aËZmå~a CZ XmoZm|
H$mo g§~mo{YV H$aVo hþE g§jon ‘| ~VmVm h¡ {H$ Hw$‘ma{Jar ¶moJr h¡, CgH$m Xmdm h¡
{H$ CgZo g§gma H$s g‘ñV dmgZmAm| na {dO¶ nm br h¡, Cgo g§gma go {da{º$
h¡& g§gma CgH$m gmYZ h¡ Am¡a ñdJ© CgH$m bú¶ h¡, {dembXod! dhr Vwåhmam Jwé
hmoJm& BgHo$ {dn[aV ~rOJwá ^moJr h¡; CgHo$ öX¶ ‘| ¶m¡dZ H$s C‘§J h¡ Am¡a Am§Im|
‘| ‘mXH$Vm H$s bmbr& CgH$s {demb AÅ>m{bH$mAm| ‘| gmam gwI h¡& d¡^d Am¡a
C„mg H$s Va§Jm| ‘| dh Ho${b H$aVm h¡, Eoíd¶© H$s CgHo$ nmg H$‘r Zht h¡& Am‘moX-
à‘moX hr CgHo$ OrdZ H$m gmYZ Am¡a bú¶ ^r h¡& œoVm§H$! Cgr ~rOJwá H$m Vwåh|
godH$ ~ZZm h¡& ‘hmà^w H$s Amkm ‘mZH$a XmoZm| {ZH$b n‹S>Vo h¡&'
{MÌboIm Bg Cnݶmg H$s à‘wI Zm{¶H$m h¡ Omo AR>mah df© H$s Am¶w ‘|
{dYdm hmo JB© Wr& {’$a Cgo H¥$îUm{X˶ Zm‘H$ ¶wdH$ go ào‘ hmo J¶m Am¡a dh J^©dVr
hmo JB©, {Oggo XmoZm| H$m {N>nm ào‘ g§gma Ho$ gm‘Zo Am J¶m& ˶mÁ¶ Am¡a ^Ëg©Zm
Zo H¥$îUm{X˶ H$mo AmË‘h˶m H$aZo na ‘O~ya H$a {X¶m& BgHo$ ~mX {MÌboIm H$mo
EH$ ZV©H$s Zo Aml¶ {X¶m& Ohm± Cgo EH$ nwÌ hþAm, Omo n¡Xm hmoVo hr g§gma N>mo‹S>H$a
Mbm J¶m& {MÌboIm dhr§ ZV©H$s H$m H$m¶© H$aZo bJr& dh BVZr gw§Xa Am¡a AmH$f©H$
Wr {H$ nmQ>brnwÌ H$m OZg‘wXm¶ CgHo$ H$X‘m| na boQ>m H$aVm Wm, na§Vw CgZo AnZo
g§¶‘ Ho$ VoO go AnZr H$mpÝV H$mo ~ZmE aIm& EH$ {XZ dh AnZo noeo Ho$ AZwgma
AnZm Z¥Ë¶ àñVwV H$a ahr Wr, Cgr g‘¶ ~rOJwá ^r CgH$m Z¥Ë¶ XoIZo Am¶m
Wm& ~rOJwá nmQ>brnwÌ Ho$ gw§Xa nwéfm| ‘| go EH$ h¡& ~rOJwá gm‘§V h¡, dh AnZo
{demb AÅ>m{bH$mAm| ‘| ^moJ-{Jbmg, ‘{XamnmZ Am¡a ZV©{H$¶m| Ho$ Z¥Ë¶ ‘| ‘¾ ahVm
h¡& Z¥Ë¶ H$aVr {MÌboIm H$s X¥{ï> Cg na n‹S>r& Cgo bJm {H$ H¥$îUm{X˶, ~rOJwá
Ho$ ê$n ‘| ñdJ© go ¶hm§ Am J¶m h¡, V^r ~rOJwá H$s Am§I| ^r {MÌboIm go {‘b
J¶r& ~rOJwá, {MÌboIm na ‘mo{hV hmo J¶m, Am¡a CgZo {MÌboIm go AHo$bo {‘bZo
H$m àñVmd aIm& {MÌboIm Zo H$hm ‘¢ d¡í¶m Zht hÿ§, Ho$db EH$ ZV©H$s h§ÿ Am¡a
‘oam g§~§Y ì¶{º$ go Zht h¡ ‘¢ g‘wXm¶ ‘| AmVr hÿ§& ¶h gwZH$a ~rOJwá CXmg hmo
J¶m& dh ñd¶§ Vmo ~oM¡Z Wm hr gmW hr gmW {MÌboIm Ho$ öX¶ ‘| ^r dhr ~oM¡Zr
CËnÞ H$a J¶m& Yrao-Yrao XmoZm| H$mo EH$ Xÿgao go ào‘ hmo J¶m& {MÌboIm Am¡a ~rOJwá
‘mXH$Vm Am¡a ^moJ-{dbmg ‘| {bá hmo J¶o Am¡a Bgo hr g§gma H$m gwI g‘PZo
bJo&
EH$ {XZ XmoZm| Ho${bJ¥h ‘| ‘mXH$Vm Am¡a CÝ‘mX ‘| Imo¶o Wo Cgr g‘¶ dhm±
aËZmå~a Am¡a œoVm§H$ Zo àdoe {H$¶m& do Wmo‹S>r Xoa éHo$ Am¡a CÝhm|Zo H$hm {H$- ""nmQ>brnwÌ
H$s gd©gw§Xar Am¡a n{dÌ ZV©H$s AY©am{Ì Ho$ g‘¶ ~rOJwá Ho$ Ho${bJ¥h ‘|! AmíM¶©
hmoVm h¡&''munotes.in

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~rOJwá Zo ‘hmà^w aËZmå~a Ho$ AmZo H$m H$maU nyN>m Vmo CÝhm|Zo ~Vm¶m {H$
‘oao {eî¶ Zo AmO ‘wPgo àíZ nyN>m {H$ nmn ³¶m h¡? {OgH$m CÎma XoZo ‘| ‘¢ Ag‘W©
hÿ§& BgH$m nVm bJmZo Ho$ {bE ~«÷Mmar H$s Hw$Q>r Cn¶wº$ gmYZ Zht h¡& Bg{bE
‘¢ Vwåhmar ghm¶Vm Jwé X{jUm Ho$ ê$n ‘| boZm MmhVm h§y& g§gma Ho$ ^moJ {dbmg
‘| hr Vwåhmam ghr narjU hmo gHo$Jm Bg{bE ‘¢ MmhVm hÿ§ {H$ Vw‘ œoVm§H$ H$mo godH$
Ho$ ê$n ‘| ñdrH$ma H$amo Am¡a ¶mX aIZm ¶h Vwåhmam Jwé ^mB© ^r hmo gH$Vm h¡&
~rOJwá Zo aËZmå~a H$s Amkm {eamoYm¶© H$r, aËZmå~a Mbm J¶m& ~rOJwá, {MÌboIm
H$m œoVm§H$ go n[aM¶ H$amVo hþE H$hVm h¡ ܶmZ aImo Vw‘ ‘oao godH$ hmo Am¡a {MÌboIm
‘oar nËZr Ho$ g‘mZ h¡ Vmo ¶h Vwåhmar ñdm{‘Zr hþB©&
Ho${b-^dZ ‘| {MÌboIm Ho$ ‘mXH$ gm¢X¶© H$mo XoIH$a œoVm§H$ H$s Am§I| Mm¢{Y¶m±
JB©& œoVm§H$ Zo O~ ~rOJwá Ho$ H$hZo na {MÌboIm H$mo ‘{Xam H$m nmÌ W‘m¶m Vmo
CgH$m hmW ZV©H$s ({MÌboIm) Ho$ hmW go ñne© hmo J¶m {Oggo œoVm§H$ H$m nyam
eara H$m±n J¶m& Cgr {XZ ~rOJwá Zo œoVm§H$ go {MÌboIm H$mo CgHo$ ^dZ VH$ N>mo‹S>
AmZo H$m AmXoe {X¶m& Yrao-Yrao ¶h œoVm§H$ H$m amoO H$m hr H$m¶© ~Z J¶m& Xÿgar
Amoa Hw$‘ma{J[a Omo {H$ ¶moJr h¡& CgH$m joÌ g§¶‘ Am¡a {Z¶‘ h¡, CgH$m ‘mZZm
h¡ {H$ g§¶‘ Am¡a {Z¶‘ go nmn Xÿa ahVm h¡& {’$a ^r dh AnZo AmMm¶© aËZmå~a
Ho$ H$hZo na {dembXod H$mo nmn H$m nVm bJmZo Ho$ {bE {eî¶ Ho$ ê$n ‘| ñdrH$ma
H$a boVm h¡& {demb Xod AnZo Jwé Hw$‘ma{J[a Ho$ ~VmE JE {gÜXm§V, {Z¶‘ Am¡a
g§¶‘ Ho$ gmW Vnñ¶m H$aZo bJVm h¡&
EH$ {XZ g‘«mQ> M§ÐJwá Ho$ ‘hb ‘| {H$gr CËgd H$m Am¶moOZ hmoVm h¡,
Ohm§ AZoH$ JU‘mݶ CnpñWV hmoVo h¢& Cgr CËgd ‘| ¶moJr Hw$‘ma{Jar Am¡a {MÌboIm
^r CnpñWV {Z‘§{ÌV hmoVo h¢& O~ Z¥Ë¶ H$m Am¶moOZ àma§^ hmoVm h¡ Vmo {MÌboIm
AnZm Z¥Ë¶ àñVwV H$aVr h¡, {OgH$m AmH$f©H$ gm¢X¶© XoIH$a g~ ‘mo{hV hmo CR>Vo
h¢& {MÌboIm O~ Z¥Ë¶ H$aZm àma§^ H$aVr h¡ Vmo CgH$s Ñ{ï> Hw$‘m{J[a H$s Amoa OmVr
h¡, dh CÝh| XoIH$a CZH$s Amoa AmH¥$ï> hmoVr h¡, V^r Hw$‘ma{J[a H$s Ñ{ï> {MÌboIm
go {‘b OmVr h¡&
g‘«mQ> H$s g^m ‘| ‘hm‘§Ìr MmU³¶ Ûmam VH©$-{dVH©$ hmoVm h¡& {Og‘| Hw$‘ma{Jar
AnZo ¶moJ Am¡a gmYZm H$mo g‘yh Ho$ g‘j {gÜX H$aVo h¢& V^r {MÌboIm Hw$‘ma{Jar
Ho$ ¶moJ Am¡a g§¶‘ H$mo g‘yh Ho$ g‘j nbQ>H$a bmoJm| ‘| CgHo$ à{V g§e¶ CËnÞ
H$a XoVr h¡& {Oggo Hw$‘ma{Jar AmhV hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a {MÌboIm Hw$‘ma{Jar na nyar
Vah go ‘mo{hV hmo OmVr h¡& nmQ>brnwÌ Ho$ EH$ d¶mod¥ÜX gm‘§V h¢- Am¶©loð> ‘¥Ë¶w§O¶&
CZH$s BH$bm¡Vr H$ݶm h¡- ¶emoYam {OgH$m {ddmh dh AnZo hr g‘mZ ‘hmZ gm‘§V
~rOJwá go H$aZm MmhVo Wo& ~rOJwá Cg ZJa H$m gw§Xa Am¡a ‘hmZ gm‘§V h¡& ¶hr
OmZH$a ‘¥Ë¶w§O¶ Zo ¶emoYam Ho$ gmW CgHo$ {ddmh H$m àñVmd aIm& bo{H$Z ~rOJwá
Zo {MÌboIm Ho$ ào‘ ‘| n‹S>o hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo Bg àñVmd go BZH$ma H$a {X¶m& CgZo
H$hm h¡ {H$ dh Ho$db EH$ hr ñÌr go ào‘ H$aVm h¡ dh h¡ {MÌboIm&munotes.in

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O~ ¶h ~mV {MÌboIm H$mo nVm Mbr Vmo CgZo ~rOJwá H$m {ddmh ¶emoYam
go H$admZo H$m {ZíM¶ H$a {b¶m Am¡a ‘Z-hr-‘Z Hw$‘ma{Jar Ho$ Aml‘ OmH$a ahZo
H$m {dMma ~Zm {b¶m& qH$Vw Bg g‘¶ dh ~rOJwá H$mo ˶mJZo Am¡a ñd¶§ Hw$‘ma{J[a
Ho$ Aml‘ ‘| OmH$a ahZo Ho$ n[aUm‘m| go {~bHw$b An[a{MV Wr& CgZo ~rOJwá go
¶emoYam Ho$ gmW {ddmh H$s ~mV H$s VWm Cggo ¶h ^r H$hm {H$ ¶emoYam go {ddmh
H$aZo ‘| hr Vwåhmam ^bm hmo gHo$Jm Am¡a Vwåhmam d§e ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE Vwåho CÎmam{YH$ma
{‘b gHo$Jm& ahm ‘oam àíZ? Vmo ‘¢Zo Hw$‘ma{Jar Ho$ Aml¶ ‘| OmZo H$m {ZU©¶ {b¶m
h¡& ~rOJwá Zo {MÌboIm go H$hm ‘¢ Ho$db Vw‘go ào‘ H$aVm hÿ§& {H$gr Am¡a H$s H$ënZm
Am¡a ào‘ ‘¢ Zht H$a gH$Vm& ~rOJwá H$s BZ ~mVm| H$mo {MÌboIm Zo AZXoIm H$a {X¶m&
{MÌboIm Ho$ Hw$‘ma{Jar Ho$ Aml‘ ‘| OmZo Ho$ ~mX ~rOJwá nmQ>brnwÌ ‘| Z
ah nm¶m& CgZo ‘¥Ë¶§wO¶ H$s nwÌr Ho$ gmW {ddmh H$m àñVmd ^r Rw>H$am {X¶m& Cgo
gmar ~mV| Cgo naoemZ H$aZo bJt& CgZo ‘¥Ë¶w§O¶ Ho$ ^dZ OmH$a j‘m ‘m§JZo H$m
{ZU©¶ {b¶m Am¡a œoVm§H$ go gÝXoe {^Odm¶m& œoVm§H$ ‘¥Ë¶w§O¶ Ho$ ‘hb g§Xoe boH$a
nhþ§Mm Vmo dhm§ CZH$s nwÌr ¶emoYam {‘br Cg g‘¶ CgHo$ {nVm ‘hb ‘| AZwnpñWV
Wo& œoVm§H$ H$s Ñ{ï> ¶emoYam H$s Ñ{ï> go {‘br& ¶emoYam gw§Xa Am¡a AmH$f©H$ Wr&
Cgo XoIH$a œoVm§H$ CgH$s Am¡a AmH${f©V hmoZo bJm& Cgr g‘¶ ¶emoYam Ho$ {nVm
‘¥Ë¶w§O¶ dhm§ Am¶o& ‘¥Ë¶w§O¶ Zo œoVm§H$ go AmZo H$m H$maU nyN>m Vmo œoVm§H$ Zo ~Vm¶m
{H$ ~rOJwá Amngo j‘m-¶mMZm MmhVo h¢& œoVm§H$ Zo ¶h ^r ~Vm¶m {H$ ~rOJwá
Hw$N> g‘¶ Ho$ {bE nmQ>brnwÌ go ~mha H$mer Om aho h¢& (³¶m|{H$ ~rOJwá BZ gmar
Xþ{dYmAm| go {ZH$bH$a AnZm Hw$N> g‘¶ EH$m§V ‘| ì¶VrV H$aZm MmhVo h¢&) ¶emoYam
Zo AnZo {nVm go H$hm- ""³¶m| Zm h‘ ^r H$mer ^«‘U Ho$ {bE OmE±&'' {nVmOr
‘¢Zo ^r H$mer Zht XoIm h¡& ‘¥Ë¶w§O¶ Zo œoVm§H$ go H$hm {H$ ~rOJwá go H$h XoZm
{H$ h‘ ^r gmW Mb aho h¢& œoVm§H$ Zhr MmhVm Wm {H$ ~rOJwá Am¡a ¶emoYam H$mer
¶mÌm ‘| gmW OmE± bo{H$Z AnZo gr‘mAm| Ho$ H$maU dh Hw$N> Zht ~mob gH$m&
H$mer ‘| Hw$N> g‘¶ ì¶VrV H$aZo Ho$ ~mX ~rOJwá ¶emoYam H$s Va’$ Yrao-
Yrao AmH${f©V hmoZo bJm Wm& bm¡Q>Zo na CgZo ¶emoYam go {ddmh H$aZo H$m {ZU©¶
{b¶m& CgZo ‘Z-hr-‘Z H$hm {H$ {MÌboIm Zo ‘wPo N>mo‹S>m h¡ ‘¢Zo {MÌboIm H$mo Zht&
O~ ¶h àñVmd dh œoVm§H$ Ûmam ¶emoYam VH$ ^oOdmZm MmhVm h¡ Vmo œoVm§H$ Cgo
~VmVm h¡ {H$ ¶emoYam go Vmo dh ñd¶§ {ddmh H$aZm MmhVm h¡& ¶h OmZH$a ~rOJwá
H«$mo{YV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a gmoMVm h¡ {H$ ¶emoYam go {ddmh dhr H$aoJm œoVm§H$ CgH$m
A{YH$mar Zht h¡& bo{H$Z ~mX ‘| œoVm§H$ Ho$ ‘Z H$s nr‹S>m OmZ H$a dh ñd¶§ CgH$m
àñVmd boH$a ‘¥Ë¶wÝO¶ Ho$ nmg OmVm h¡ Am¡a CgH$s Vmar’$ H$aVo hþE ¶emoYam go
CgHo$ {ddmh H$m àñVmd aIVm h¡& ‘¥Ë¶wÝO¶ œoVm§H$ Ho$ {nVm Or Ho$ ghnmR>r Wo&
dh Cgo AÀN>r Vah OmZVo Wo bo{H$Z {ZY©Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU CÝhm|Zo Cggo AnZr
~oQ>r Ho$ H$m {ddmh H$aZo go ‘Zm H$a {X¶m Wm& ~rOJwá H$s C‘« A^r A{YH$ Zht
h¡ ¶{X CgH$m {dMma ~Xb J¶m Am¡a CgZo Xÿgar emXr H$a br Vmo CgH$m IwX
H$m nwÌ hr CgH$m CÎmam{YH$mar ~ZoJm& ¶h nVm MbVo hr ~rOJwáZo AnZr gmarmunotes.in

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g§n{Îm Am¡a Am¡a AnZo nX œoVm§H$ H$mo XmZ XoZo H$s ~mV H$h Xr¶m& {’$a, ~‹S>o Yy‘-
Ym‘ go œoVm§H$ Am¡a ¶emoYam H$m {ddmh g§nÞ hmo J¶m&
BYa Hw$‘ma{J[a {MÌboIm na nyU© én go ‘mo{hV hmo OmVm h¡& dmgZm H$s
AmJ ‘| YYH$Vm CgH$m ‘Z ܶmZñW hmo hr Zht nmVm& dh {MÌboIm Ho$ eara H$mo
^moJZm MmhVm h¡& {MÌboIm CgH$s ^mdZmAm| H$mo AÀN>r Vah g‘PZo bJVr h¡&
Hw$‘ma{J[a H$m ¶moJ Cgo nyU©V… AmS>å~a bJZo bJVm h¡& dh Bg AmS>å~ar Xþ{Z¶m
go A~ {ZH$bZm MmhVr h¡& {MÌboIm nwZ… ~rOJwá Ho$ nmg OmZm MmhVr h¡& ¶h
OmZH$a Hw$‘ma{J[a {dM{bV hmo CR>Vm h¡ Am¡a {MÌboIm go PyR> ~mobVm h¡ {H$ A~
Vmo ~rOJwá H$m {ddmh ¶emoYam go hmo J¶m& Vw‘ dhm§ OmAmoJr Vmo ~rOJwá Vwåh| dhm§
go {ZH$mb XoJm&
¶h g~ gwZH$a {MÌboIm AmhV hmo OmVr h¡& Hw$‘ma{J[a Cggo H$hVm h¡
{H$ ‘¢ Vw‘go ào‘ H$aVm hÿ§ Am¡a Vw‘ ‘oao {bE hr Vmo ¶hm§ AmB© hmo& {MÌboIm Am¡a
Hw$‘ma{Jar XmoZm| dmgZm ‘| brZ hmo OmVo h¢ Am¡a Hw$‘ma{Jar H$m g§¶‘-{Z¶‘ Qy>Q> OmVm
h¡& {MÌboIm Ho$ ‘Z ‘| ~rOJwá Am¡a ¶emoYam Ho$ {ddmh H$s ~mV na {dídmg Zhr
hmoVm& Bg gƒmB© H$m nVm bJmZo Ho$ {bE dh {dembXod H$mo {dídmg ‘| boH$a Cgo
~rOJwá Ho$ Ka ^oOVr h¡& Ohm± œoVm§H$ Cgo {‘bVm h¡ Am¡a ¶emoYam go AnZo ào‘
H$s ~mV ~VmVm h¡& Cgo ¶h ^r nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ ~rOJwá H$m ào‘ A~ ^r {MÌboIm
Ho$ {bE Or{dV h¡& {dembXod go ¶h OmZH$mar {‘bVo hr Hw$‘ma {J[a Ho$ à{V CgH$m
H«$moY ^‹S>H$ CR>Vm h¡ Am¡a Cgo {Y¸$maVr hþB© dhm± go {ZH$b OmVr h¡ bo{H$Z ~rOJwá
Ho$ nmg OmZo H$m gmhg Cgo Zhr hmo nmVm h¡& ì¶{WV {MÌboIm Hw$‘ma{J[a H$m Aml‘
N>mo‹S> H$a AnZo Ka Mbr AmVr h¡ Am¡a g§¶{‘V OrdZ OrZo bJVr h¡& œoVm§H$ AnZo
{ddmh Ho$ àr{V ^moO ‘| em{‘b hmoZo Ho$ {bE O~ Cgo {Z‘§ÌU XoZo AmVm h¡ Vmo
Cgo ~rOJwá, ¶emoYam Am¡a œoVm§H$ Ho$ {ddmh VWm ~rOJwá Ho$ {^Imar Ho$ ê$n ‘|
{ZH$b OmZo Am{X g^r ~mVm| H$m nVm MbVm h¡& Cg g‘¶ dh œoVm§H$ H$mo ew^H$m‘Zm¶|
Vmo XoVr h¡ bo{H$Z àr{V^moO ‘| em{‘b Zht hmoVr h¡ ~pëH$, am{Ì ‘| ~rOJwá go
{‘bZo OmVr h¡& Cg g‘¶ AmYr amV ~rV MwH$s h¡& ~rOJwá amOm go Amkm boH$a
EH$ {^Imar Ho$ ê$n ‘| Xoe n¶©Q>Z Ho$ {bE {ZH$b MwH$m h¡& {MÌboIm Cggo amñVo
‘| {‘bVr h¡ Am¡a AnZo ^dZ na MbZo Ho$ {bE {ZdoXZ H$aVr h¡& Bg g‘¶ ~rOJwá
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‘wPo {OVZm {JamZm Mmhmo, {JamAmo; na ¶h dMZ Xo Xmo {H$ Vw‘ ‘wPo H$b Zht amoH$moJr&''
^dZ OmZo na ~rOJwá H$mo g^r ~mV| {MÌboIm ~VmVr h¡& AnZm XþI ~VmVo hþE
dh ~rOJwá go H$hVr h¡ {H$ "‘¢ Hw$‘ma{J[a H$s dmgZm H$m gmYZ ~Z MwH$s Wr
Bg{bE Vwåhmao nmg AmZm Zht MmhVr Wr&' ‘wPo j‘m H$a Xmo& ~rOJwá h±g n‹S>Vm
h¡ dh {MÌboIm go H$hVm h¡- ""{MÌboIm! Vw‘Zo ~hþV ~‹S>r ^yb H$s& Vw‘Zo ‘wPo
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h¡, {dñ‘¥{V h¡, VÝ‘¶Vm h¡& ào‘ Ho$ àm§JU ‘| H$moB© AnamY hr Zht hmoVm, {’$a j‘m
H¡$gr! {’$a ^r ¶{X Vw‘ H$hbmZm hr MmhVr hmo Vmo ‘¢ H$ho XoVm hÿ±&'' ‘¢ Vwåh| j‘mmunotes.in

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H$aVm hÿ§&'' ~rOJwá nwZ… O~ AnZr ¶mÌm na OmZo H$s ~mV H$hVm h¡ Vmo {MÌboIm
AnZo YZ Ho$ gmW ahZo H$m àñVmd aIVr h¡ bo{H$Z ~rOJwá A~ d¡^dnyU© OrdZ
Z OrZo H$s ~mV H$hVm h¡& {’$a, {MÌboIm ^r AnZr gmar YZam{e XmZ ‘| Xo XoVr
h¡ Am¡a XmoZm| {^Imar ~Z H$a {ZH$b n‹S>Vo h¢& Bg g‘¶ XmoZmo§ Ho$ Mohao A˶§V
àgÞ h¢&
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h¡- nmn‘¶ g§gma H$m dh ‘w»¶ ^mJ h¡&
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Ho$db gmYZ h¡& {’$a nwʶ Am¡a nmn H¡$gm?''
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h¡& Am¡a XmoZm| {eî¶m| H$mo Amerdm©X XoVo hþE dhm± go Mbm OmVm h¡&
{ZîH$f© … dmñVd ‘| {MÌboIm H$s H$WmdñVw Cgo Am¡nݶm{gH$ aMZm H$m ê$n àXmZ
H$aVr h¡ Am¡a CgH$s A{^ì¶{º$ ‘| H${dËd PbH$Vm h¡& ¶hm± h‘ H$‘© Am¡a ^moJ
H$mo g‘mZm§Va ê$n ‘| XoI gH$Vo h¢& Bg aMZm ‘| boIH$ EH$ Va’$ H$‘© na Omoa
XoVm h¡ Vmo Xÿgar Va’$ ^moJ Ho$ à{V ^r AmídñV {XImB© XoVm h¡&munotes.in

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^JdVrMaU d‘m© Ûmam {b{IV Cnݶmg "{MÌboIm' nmn Am¡a nwʶ Ho$ àíZ
na AmYm[aV h¡& ¶h ‘mZd OrdZ H$s AÀN>mB¶m| Am¡a ~wamB¶m| H$mo XoIZo Ho$ {ZOr
Ñ{ï>H$moU na AmYm[aV h¡& Ohm§ {MÌboIm, ~rOJwá, Hw$‘ma{J[a Am¡a œoVm§H$ Ed§ ¶emoYam
Am{X Aݶ nmÌm| Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go boIH$ ¶h g§Ho$V H$aZm MmhVm h¡ {H$ ì¶{º$ nyU©ê$noU
n[apñW{V¶m| H$m Xmg hmoVm h¡& dh àmH¥${VH$ {Z¶‘m| go Xÿa OmH$a em§V Zht ah gH$Vm&
H$ht Z H$ht gm‘mݶ OrdZ H$s Ymam CgHo$ ‘Z ‘| ^r àdm{hV hmoVr ahVr h¡& Cgo
{N>nmZo H$s H$moB© bmI H$mo{ee| H$a bo, H$ht Z H$ht dh D$na AmVr hr h¢& Bg{bE
g§ñH$mam| Ho$ AmS>å~am| H$s MmXa Ho$ ZrMo OrdZ Ho$ ¶WmW© H$mo ~hþV Xoa {N>nm¶m Zht
Om gH$Vm h¡& Bg{bE Cnݶmg Ho$ A§V ‘| aËZmå~a H$hVm h¡ {H$- ""g§gma ‘| nmn
Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡, ¶h Ho$db ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ Ñ{ï>H$moU H$m Xÿgam Zm‘ h¡& ....... ‘Zwî¶
‘| ‘‘Ëd àYmZ h¡& à˶oH$ ‘Zwî¶ gwI MmhVm h¡& Ho$db ì¶{º$¶m| Ho$ gwI Ho$ H|$Ð
{^Þ-{^Þ {hVo h¢& Hw$N> gwI H$mo YZ ‘o§ XoIVo h¢, Hw$N> gwI H$mo ‘{Xam ‘| XoIVo
h¢, Hw$N> gwI H$mo ì¶{^Mma ‘| XoIVo h¢, Hw$N> ˶mJ ‘| XoIVo h¢- na gwI à˶oH$
ì¶{º$ MmhVm h¡! H$moB© ^r ì¶{º$ g§gma ‘| AnZr BÀN>m AZwgma dh H$m‘ Z H$aoJm,
{Og‘| Xþ…I {‘bo-¶hr ‘Zwî¶ H$s ‘Z… àd¥{Îm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ Ñ{ï>H$moU H$s
{df‘Vm h¡&''
CnݶmgH$ma ¶h ^r ~VmZm MmhVo h¡§ {H$ Eogm Zhr§ {H$ ‘Zwî¶ O¡gm {XIVm
h¡ A§Xa go CgH$m ñd^md ^r d¡gm hr hmo& H$B© ~ma Eogm ^r hmoVm h¡ {H$ h‘mar
^mdZmE§ Hw$N> Am¡a hmoVr h¢ Am¡a h‘ àXe©Z {H$gr Am¡a H$m H$aVo h¢& ¶hm± Hw$‘ma
{J[a H$m M[aÌ Bgr ~mV H$s Amoa g§Ho$V H$aVm h¡ {H$- Eogm Zht h¡ {H$ ¶moJr Ho$
öX¶ ‘| ào‘ ^mdZm CËnÞ Zm hmo ¶m {’$a ^moJ-{dbmg ‘| brZ ahZo dmbm ‘Zwî¶
¶moJr Zht ~Z gH$Vm& boIH$ ¶hm± ào‘ Am¡a dmgZm ‘| ^oX ñnï> H$aVo hþE ¶h ~VmZm
MmhVo h¢ {H$ ào‘ Am¡a dmgZm ‘| ^oX h¡& Ohm± dmgZm nmJbnZ h¡, ¶h jU^a Ho$
{bE hmoVr h¡ Am¡a Bg{bE nmJbnZ Ho$ gmW hr Xÿa hmo OmVr h¡, bo{H$Z ào‘ J§^ra
h¡& CgH$m ApñVËd erK« Zht {‘Q>Vm& dh AZoH$mZoH$ P§PmdmVm| Ho$ ~mX ^r ñWmB©
~Zm ahVm h¡& g~ Hw$N> g‘má hmo OmZo Ho$ ~mX ^r {MÌboIm H$m ~rOJwá Ho$ à{V
ào‘ AWdm ~rOJwá Ûmam g~Hw$N> ˶mJ XoZo Am¡a {MÌboIm H$s g^r ~mVm| H$mo OmZ-
g‘P H$a ^r Cgo ñdrH$ma H$a boZo H$s KQ>ZmE§ boIH$ Ho$ Cº$ {dMmam| H$m hr g‘W©
H$aVr h¢& gm‘mݶ ê$n go ¶h XoIZo ‘| AmVm h¡ {H$ ‘mZd {Zénm¶ gm n[apñW{V¶m|
Ho$ gmW CR>Vm-{JaVm ahVm h¡ ¶m H$B© ~ma g§ñH$m[aVm H$m X§^ ^aZodmbm ì¶{º$ ^r
OrdZ H$s gƒmB¶m| Ho$ gmW ~hVm {XImB© XoVm h¡& ‘mZd OrdZ Ho$ Bgr ^mdmË‘H$
nj H$mo boIH$ Zo ~‹S>r ~marH$s go CHo$aZo H$m H$m¶© Bg Cnݶmg ‘| {H$¶m h¡& g§ñH$mam|
Ho$ AmS>å~am| ‘| OH$‹S>r hþB© ‘mZdr¶ ^mdZmAm| H$mo EH$ ZdrZ Ñ{ï> go XoIZo H$m H$m¶©
d‘m© Or Zo ¶hm± {H$¶m h¡&
8.3 Cnݶmgm| Ho$ nmÌm| H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU :
{MÌboIm Cnݶmg ‘| {MÌboIm, ~rOJwá VWm Hw$‘ma{Jar ‘w»¶ nmÌ h¢- VWm
gh¶moJr nmÌm| ‘| ‘hmà^w aËZmå~a VWm CZHo$ Xmo {eî¶ œoVm§H$ Am¡a {dembXod VWm ‘¥Ë¶w§O¶
Ed§ CZH$s nwÌr ¶emoYam h¡& ¶hm± h‘ Hw$N> à‘wI nmÌm| Ho$ M[aÌ H$s g§{já MMm© H$a|Jo…munotes.in

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Hw$‘ma{Jar…
Hw$‘ma{Jar Bg Cnݶmg Ho$ à‘wI nmÌm| ‘| go EH$ h¡& dh ¶moJr h¡ Am¡a CgH$m
Xmdm h¡ {H$ ¶wdmdñWm ‘o§ hr CgZo OrdZ H$s g‘ñV dmgZmAmo§ na {dO¶ àmá H$a
br h¡& g§gma H$mo CgH$mo {da{º$ h¡, Am¡a AnZo ‘VmZwgma CgZo gwI H$mo ^r OmZ
{b¶m h¡& Cg‘| VoO h¡, àVmn h¡& Cg‘| emar[aH$ ~b Am¡a AmpË‘H$ ~b XmoZm| h¡,
O¡go {H$ bmoJm| H$m H$hZm h¡- CgZo ‘‘Ëd H$mo der^yV H$a {b¶m h¡& àñVwV Cnݶmg
‘| dh ^maVr¶ g§ñH¥${V Ho$ Cg AmXe© ê$n H$m à{V{Z{YËd H$aZodmbm nmÌ h¡ Omo
g‘ñV nmn H$m ‘yb dmgZm g‘PVm h¡& CgHo$ AZwgma "dmgZm Ho$ H$maU hr ‘Zwî¶
nmn H$aVm h¡&'
Hw$‘ma{J[a H$m ì¶{º$Ëd A˶§V VoOñdr h¡ {OgH$s e{º$¶m| go ñd¶§ aº$må~a
^r A{^^yV h¡& Bg{bE dh EH$ OJh H$hVm h¡- ""Vw‘ dmñVd ‘| loð> hmo& Vw‘
g§gma go ~hþV D$na CR> MwHo$ hmo A^r VH$ ‘¢ g§gma ‘| hr hÿ±&.... Vw‘‘o kmZ h¡,
H$ënZm h¡ Am¡a ‘wP‘o Ho$db AZw^d h¡&'' Hw$‘ma{J[a àma§^ ‘| AnZo kmZ Am¡a g§¶‘
Ho$ à{V Ah§H$mar {XImB© XoVm h¡& {dZ‘«Vm Am¡a CXmaVm Vmo H$ht {XImB© hr Zht
XoVr& {OgH$m nyU© n[aM¶ MÝÐJwá Ho$ Xa~ma ‘| {‘b OmVm h¡ Ohm± {MÌboIm Ho$
VH$m] Ho$ g‘j nam{OV hmoH$a ^r AnZr namO¶ H$mo AnZo Ah§H$ma Ho$ X§^ ‘| ñdrH$ma
Zht H$aVm h¡& BgHo$ gmW hr gmW dh jwÐ d¥{Îm¶m| H$m Xmg ^r h¡& nVZ Ho$ ‘mJ©
~‹T>Vo hþE {MÌboIm Ho$ eara H$mo àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE dh C{MV-AZw{MV ha àH$ma
Ho$ g§gmYZm| H$m à¶moJ H$aVm h¡& ~rOJwá Ho$ ¶emoYam Ho$ gmW {ddmh H$s JbV
gyMZm XoH$a {MÌboIm H$mo AnZr dmgZm H$m {eH$ma ~ZVm h¡& A§V ‘| CgHo$ ì¶{º$Ëd
H$mo {MÌboIm Ho$ eãXm| ‘| XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& Ohm± dh H$hVr h¡ ""dmgZm Ho$ H$s‹S>o
Vw‘ ào‘ ³¶m OmZmo? Vw‘ AnZo {bE Or{dV hmo- ‘‘Ëd hr Vwåhmam H|$Ð h¡... Vwåhmar
Vnñ¶m Am¡a Vwåhmam kmZ- Vwåhmar gmYZm Am¡a Vwåhmar AmamYZm- ¶h g~ ^«‘
h¡, g˶ go H$mogm| Xÿa h¡& Vw‘ AnZr Vw{ï> Ho$ {bE J¥hñWml‘ H$s ~mYmAm| go H$m¶aVm
nyd©H$ gݶmgr H$m T>m|J boH$a {dœ H$mo YmoIm XoVo hþE ‘wI ‘mo‹S> gH$Vo hmo- Vw‘
AnZr dmgZm H$mo Vwï> H$aZo Ho$ {bE ‘wPo YmoIm Xo gH$Vo hmo- Am¡a {’$a Vw‘ ào‘
H$s XþhmB© XoVo hmo& dh g‘mO Ho$ g‘j {OVZm hr g§¶‘r Am¡a g§ñH$m[aV ~ZVm h¡
CgH$m Am§V[aH$ nj CVZm hr n{VV Am¡a {ZåZ ñVa H$m h¡&''
~rOJwá…
~rOJwá {MÌboIm Cnݶmg H$m Zm¶H$ h¡& boIH$ Ho$ CÔoí¶ àm{á H$m dhr
AmYmañV§^ h¡& CgHo$ ‘mܶ‘ go CnݶmgH$ma Zo nmn Am¡a nwʶ O¡gr ì¶mnH$ g‘ñ¶m
H$mo AnZr naånam go AbJ hQ>H$a EH$ ZdrZ Ñ{ï>H$moU XoZo H$m H$m¶© {H$¶m h¡& ào‘
H$s n{dÌVm Ho$ gmW-gmW Cg‘| n¶m©á gmhg ^r h¡ {OgHo$ ~b na dh {MÌboIm
H$mo AnZr nËZr Ho$ ê$n ‘| gå‘mZ {XbdmZm MmhVm h¡&
~rOJwá ^moJr h¡, CgHo$ öX¶ ‘| ¶m¡dZ H$s C‘§J h¡ Am¡a Am§Im| ‘| ‘mXH$Vm
H$s bmbr& CgH$s {demb AÅ>{bH$mAm| ‘| ^moJ-{dbmg ZmMm H$aVo h¢& d¡^d Am¡amunotes.in

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C„mg H$s Va§Jm| ‘| dh Ho${b H$aVm h¡& Eoíd¶© H$s CgHo$ nmg H$‘r Zht h¡ Am¡a
CgHo$ öX¶ ‘| g§gma H$s g‘ñV dmgZmAm| H$m {Zdmg& B©ída na Cgo {dœmg Zht,
Am‘moX Am¡a à‘moX hr CgHo$ OrdZ H$m gmYZ h¡ VWm bú¶ ^r h¡& ¶hr H$maU
h¡ {H$ ¶moJr aËZmå~a AnZo {eî¶ œoVm§H$ H$mo ~rOJwá Ho$ nmg ^oOm ¶h OmZZo Ho$
{bE {H$ ""nmn ³¶m h¡?'' ~rOJwá H$m öX¶ {demb h¡, dh œoVm§H$ H$s Jwé^mB©
Ho$ ê$n ‘| ñdrH$ma H$a boVm h¡& ~rOJwá ""{MÌboIm'' Ho$ EH$ ZV©H$s hmoZo Ho$ ~mX
^r Cggo gƒm ào‘ H$aVo h¡& g‘mO Ho$ {déÜX OmH$a dh {MÌboIm H$mo AnZr nËZr
‘mZVm h¡& {MÌboIm Ho$ {bE dh AnZo {ddmh H$m àñVmd VH$ Rw>H$am XoVm h¡ {MÌboIm
^r ~rOJwá Ho$ {bE AnZo ào‘ H$m ˶mJ H$a Hw$‘ma{J[a Ho$ Aml‘ Xr{jV hmoZo Mbr
OmVr h¡& ~rOJwá H$mo O~ ¶h kmV hmoVm h¡ Vmo dh {MÌboIm H$mo g‘PmZo CgH$s
Hw$Q>r na nhþ§MVm h¡ na§Vw Cgo {Zame hmoH$a bm¡Q>Zm n‹S>Vm h¡&
dh n[apñW{V¶m| go {ZH$bZo H$m à¶mg ^r H$aVm h¡ na§Vw g’$b Zht hmo
nmVm& AV… H$mer àñWmZ H$aZo H$m {ZíM¶ H$a boVm h¡& A§V ‘| ¶h OmZH$a {H$
CgHo$ Jwé^mB© œoVm§H$ H$mo ¶emoYam go ào‘ hmo J¶m h¡ dh AnZr gmar YZ-g§n{Îm
œoVm§H$ H$mo gm¢n H$a CZ XmoZm| H$m {ddmh H$am XoVm h¡& {MÌboIm Ho$ j‘m ¶mMZm
H$aZo na dh Cgo j‘m ^r H$a XoVm h¡& ~rOJwá g‘mO ‘| ahH$a g^r MrOm| H$m
^moJ-{dbmg H$aVo hþE ^r EH$ "nwʶ AmË‘m' h¡&
~rOJwá Ho$ M[aÌ ‘| {damoYr d¥{Îm¶m| H$m g‘Ýd¶ ñnï> ê$n go XoIm Om gH$Vm
h¡& EH$ Va’$ Cg‘| ào‘ Am¡a dmgZm h¡ Vmo Xÿgar Amoa ˶mJ Am¡a ^moJ ^r h¡& ¶emoYam
Am¡a œoVm§H$ Ho$ gå~ÝY ‘| dh {Og ˶mJ H$m n[aM¶ XoVm h¡ dh CgH$s ‘hmZVm
H$m n[aMm¶H$ h¡& AnZr ào{‘H$m {MÌboIm Ûmam AZoH$ Ajå¶ AnamY H$aZo Ho$ ~mX
^r dh CgH$m gå‘mZ H$aVm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ Ka OmVm h¡& dh ÑT> {dMmaYmam dmbm
ì¶{º$ h¡& Cnݶmg Ho$ A§V ‘| O~ {MÌboIm Cgo g§gma ‘| nwZ… IrMZm MmhVr h¡
Vmo dh H$hVm h¡- ‘¢Zo d¡^d N>mo‹S>m h¡ AnZmZo Ho$ {bE Zht, Cgo gXm Ho$ {bE
N>mo‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE& ‘¢ Vwåh| ^r EH$ {^Imar Ho$ ê$n ‘| ñdrH$ma H$aZm MmhVm hÿ±&
Bg àH$ma ~rOJwá Ho$ ì¶{º$Ëd ‘| ào‘ Am¡a ˶mJ ‘| {Og gmpËdH$Vm H$m
g§Mma boIH$ Ûmam {H$¶m J¶m h¡ dhr CgHo$ ì¶{º$Ëd H$mo loð>Vm àXmZ H$aVm h¡&
CgH$m ˶mJ j{UH$ Zht, {H$gr Amdoe ‘| {b¶m hþAm ^r Zhr§ ~pëH$ OrdZ Ho$
{d{dY AZw^dm| ‘| Vnm hþAm ˶mJ h¡& g~H$mo ^moJVo hþE CgZo Bg g§gma H$s AgmaVm
H$m AZw^d {H$¶m h¡& g~H$mo Zœa ‘mZVo hþE hr dh g~H$m ˶mJ ^r H$aVm h¡&
CgHo$ {bE ¶{X OrdZ ‘| H$moB© dñVw nyÁ¶ h¡ Vmo- dh h¡ gØmdZm Am¡a ào‘ Am¡a,
~rOJwá ‘| ¶o XmoZm| JwU ñnï>Vm nyd©H$ XoIo Om gH$Vo h¢& ¶hr H$maU h¡ {H$ ~rOJwá
H$m M[aÌ Bg Cnݶmg Ho$ nmÌm| ‘| loð>Vm H$m hH$Xma H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡&
{MÌboIm …
{MÌboIm àñVwV Cnݶmg H$s H|$Ðq~Xþ h¡& dh EH$ gmYmaU ~«m÷U n[adma
H$s {dYdm ¶wdVr h¡ Omo AnZo nm[adm[aH$ g§ñH$mam| ‘| g§¶{‘V OrdZ ¶mnZ H$aZmmunotes.in

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MmhVr h¡& Bgr g‘¶ CgHo$ OrdZ ‘| H¥$îUm{X˶ H$m àdoe hmoVm h¡ Ohm§ go CgH$m
OrdZ AZ§V g‘wÐ ‘| {hMH$mob| ImVr Zmd H$s Vah ~Z OmVm h¡& ¶Ú{n {H$ dh
AnZo ì¶dgm¶ Ho$ à{V ^r nyU©V… à{V~ÜX h¡ Bgr{b¶o ~rOJwá go H$hVr h¡-'' Zht,
‘¢ ì¶{º$ go Zht {‘bVr& ‘¢ Ho$db g‘wXm¶ Ho$ gm‘Zo AmVr h±ÿ, ì¶{º$ H$m ‘oao OrdZ
go H$moB© gå~ÝY Zht&''
Cnݶmg ‘| {MÌboIm nmQ>{bnwÌ H$s gw§Xa ZV©H$s Ho$ ê$n ‘| àñVwV hmoVr h¡&
CgH$m doí¶md¥{Îm ñdrH$ma Z H$aZm CZHo$ ì¶{º$Ëd go g§~§{YV AgmYmaU ~mV h¡&
CgHo$ H$B© H$maU Wo Am¡a CZ H$maUm| H$m CgHo$ {dJV OrdZ go Jham g§~§Y Wm&
dh {dYdm Cg g‘¶ hþB© Wr, {Og g‘¶ CgH$s AdñWm AR>mah df© H$s Wr&
{dYdm hmoZo Ho$ ~mX g§¶‘ CgH$m {Z¶‘ hmo J¶m Wm {H$§Vw Eogm A{YH$ {XZm| VH$
Zht Mb gH$m& EH$ {XZ CgHo$ OrdZ ‘| H¥$îUm{X˶ Zo àdoe {H$¶m& H¥$îUm{X˶
go {MÌboIm H$mo nwÌ H$s àm{á hþB©, bo{H$Z {nVm d ~oQ>o XmoZm| Zo g§gma H$mo N>mo‹S>
{X¶m& CgHo$ ~mX EH$ ZV©H$r Zo Cgo Aml¶ XoH$a Z¥Ë¶ VWm g§JrV H$bm H$s {ejm
Xr& {’$a Z¥Ë¶ ‘| dh A{ÛVr¶ ~Z JB©& nmQ>brnwÌ H$m OZg‘wXm¶ {MÌboIm Ho$ n¡amo
na bmoQ>m H$aVm Wm, na {MÌboIm Zo g§¶‘ Ho$ VoO go O{ZV H«$m§{V H$mo ~ZmE aIm
bo{H$Z ~rOJwá na ‘w½Y hmoZo go dh Z ~M nmB©& Bg ê$n ‘| {MÌboIm n[apñW{V¶m|
Ho$ der^yV hmoH$a MbZo dmbr ¶wdVr Ho$ ê$n ‘| AmVr h¡&
Bg {dbmgr Am¡a dmgZm‘¶r a‘Ur Ho$ gmW-gmW {MÌboIm VoOñdr Am¡a
{dXþfr ^r h¡& BgH$m n[aM¶ dh MÝÐJwá H$s g^m ‘| AnZr VH©$Zme{º$ go Hw$‘ma{J[a
H$mo nam{OV H$aHo$ XoVr h¡& Bgr àH$ma Hw$‘ma{J[a Ho$ Aml‘ ‘| OmZo na ""àH$me
na bwãY nV§J H$m AÝYH$ma H$mo àUm‘'' H$h H$a EH$ Xme©{ZH$ hmoZo H$m n[aM¶
^r XoVr h¡&
{MÌboIm ~rOJwá go A˶m{YH$ ào‘ H$aVr Wr& na§Vw AmJo Mb H$a dh
Hw$‘ma{J[a na ^r ‘mo{hV hþB©& Omo {H$ CgHo$ OrdZ H$s g~go ~‹S>r ^yb Wr& {MÌboIm
~rOJwá Ho$ ^{dî¶ Ho$ {bE ~rOJwá H$m ˶mJ H$aHo$ dh Hw$‘ma{J[a Ho$ nmg Xr{jV
hmoZo JB©, na§Vw Hw$‘ma{J[a Zo Cgo Ag˶ Ho$ Omb ‘| CbPm H$a CgH$m emofU {H$¶m&
O~ {MÌboIm H$mo g˶ H$m kmZ hþAm Vmo dh Aml‘ N>mo‹S> H$a AnZo ^dZ bm¡Q>
JB©& ~rOJwá Ho$ Eoíd¶© ˶mJZo H$s ~mV O~ {MÌboIm H$mo kmV hþB© dh ~rOJwá
go j‘m ‘m§JZo bJr& ~rOJwá Zo Cgo j‘m {H$¶m Am¡a XmoZm| Zo AnZr YZ-g§n{Îm
˶mJ H$a nmQ>{bnwÌ go àñWmZ {H$¶m& Bg nyao Cnݶmg ‘| {MÌboIm EH$ ê$nJ{d©Vm
CÝ‘m{XZr {dbmgr ór Ho$ ê$n {XImB© XoVr h¡ Omo gXm hr nwéf H$mo AnZr dmgZm
H$m {eH$ma ~ZmZm MmhVr h¡& dh AnZo ì¶{º$Ëd go Bg Cnݶmg Ho$ bJ^J g^r
nwéf nmÌm| H$mo à^m{dV H$aVr h¡& BVZm hr Zht ~rOJwá H$mo ¶emoYam go {ddmh H$aHo$
Am¡a d§ed¥pÜX Ho$ {b¶o ào[aV H$aHo$ dh AnZo ˶mJ d¥{Îm H$m n[aM¶ ^r XoVr h¡&
Bg àH$ma boIH$ Zo EH$ ào{‘H$m H$mo nËZr H$m ñWmZ {XbdmH$a {MÌboIm
Ho$ ê$n ‘| ào‘ Am¡a dmgZm Ho$ ^oX H$mo ñnï> H$a {X¶m h¡& Ohm± ào‘ ñWmB© h¡, Cg‘|munotes.in

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gånyU© g‘n©U h¢, dht dmgZm j{UH$ h¡, AñWmB© h¡& ¶Ú{n {H$ ¶hr dmgZm {MÌboIm
Ho$ M[aÌ H$s H$‘Omoar h¡& Bgr H$‘Omoar Ho$ H$maU ¶h Hw$‘ma{J[a Ho$ Omb ‘| ~hþV
OëXr CbP OmVr h¡ Am¡a O~ VH$ Cgo hmoe AmVm h¡ V~ VH$ g~Hw$N> g‘má hmo
OmVm h¡& MmhH$a ^r dh AnZo ào‘r ~rOJwá H$mo AnZo ^dZ ‘| Zht amoH$ nmVr
h¡ Am¡a Cgo ^r ~rOJwá Ho$ gmW hr g~Hw$N> ˶mJZm n‹S>Vm h¡& Cnݶmg Ho$ A§V
‘| AnZr ˶mJr d¥Îmr Ho$ H$maU {MÌboIm AnZr gånyU© Xþ~©bVmAm| Ho$ ~mX ^r nmR>H$m|
H$s ghmZw^y{V àmá H$a boVr h¡& Bg{bE A§V ‘| ¶h H$hZm C{MV hmoJm {H$ {MÌboIm
pñWa {MÎm Zht h¡& CgZo AnZo d¡Yì¶ ‘| d¡am½¶ gmYZo H$s ~mV gmoMr bo{H$Z H¥$îUm{X˶
Ho$ AmVo hr CgH$m {dMma ~Xb J¶m Am¡a Cgo AnZo OrdZ ‘| ñdrH$ma H$a {b¶m&
EH$ ZV©H$s Ho$ ê$n ‘| ~rOJwá H$mo CgZo nhbo Vmo "g‘wXm¶ Ho$ gm‘Zo hr ‘¢ AmVr
h±ÿ' H$h H$a AñdrH$ma {H$¶m bo{H$Z ~mX ‘| Cgr go ào‘ H$aZo bJr& ¶hm± VH$ {H$
AnZo ‘Zmoa§OZ Ho$ {bE dh œoVm§H$ H$mo ^r AmH${f©V H$aVr h¡& ~mX ‘| Cgr go H$hVr
h¡ {H$ "‘¢ g§gma ‘| EH$ ‘Zwî¶ go ào‘ H$aVr hÿ± Am¡a dh ~rOJwá h¡&' bo{H$Z, Hw$N>
g‘¶ ~mX hr dh Hw$‘ma{J[a go ào‘ H$aZo bJVr h¡& {dMmam| H$s Bgr ApñWaVm
Cgo Am¡a ~rOJwá H$mo A§V ‘| {ZY©Z hmo OmZo H$s pñW{V ‘| nhþ±Mm XoVr h¡&
‘hmà^w aËZmå~a …
‘hmà^w aËZmå~a ¶moJr h¢& CZHo$ Xmo {eî¶ h¢- œoVm§H$ Am¡a {dembXod& œoVm§H$
VWm {dembXod Ho$ ‘Z ‘| EH$ àíZ CËnÞ hmoVm h¡- nmn ³¶m h¡? Bg àíZ Ho$
CÎma Ho$ {bE aËZmå~a Zo œoVm§H$ H$mo g‘mO Ho$ {df¶ ‘| kmV H$aZo Ho$ {bE ~rOJwá
Ho$ nmg VWm {dembXod H$mo ¶moJr Hw$‘ma{J[a Ho$ nmg ^oOm& CÝh| AnZo {eî¶m|§ Ho$
‘Z ‘| CR>o àíZm| H$m g‘mYmZ H$aZm Wm& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo AnZo {eî¶m| H$mo EH$ df©
H$m g‘¶ XoH$a g‘mO ‘| ^oOm&
œoVm§H$ …
œoVm§H$ aËZmå~a H$m {eî¶ h¡& "nmn ³¶m h¡?' ¶h OmZZo Ho$ {bE dh ~rOJwá
Ho$ nmg Am¶m& dh ‘{XamnmZ Zht H$aVm, na§Vw {MÌboIm Ho$ à{V AmH${f©V hmoH$a
{MÌboIm Ho$ ~mobZo na dh ‘{XamnmZ H$a boVm h¡ VWm dh {MÌboIm Ho$ à{V AmH${f©V
^r hmoVm h¡ na§Vw {MÌboIm Ho$ BÝH$ma Ho$ ~mX dh ¶emoYam na ‘mo{hV hmoVm h¡& A§V
‘| ~rOJwá AnZr gmar YZ-g§n{Îm œoVm§H$ H$mo gm¢n H$a ¶emoYam go CgH$m {ddmh
H$am XoVm h¡& œoVm§H$ Ho$ ê$n ‘| boIH$ Zo Eogo nmÌ H$s gO©Zm H$s h¡ Omo gm§gm[aH$
‘moh‘m¶m Ho$ Omb ‘| ~‹S>r gabVm nyd©H$ ’±$g OmVm h¡& {OgH$m A§VH$aU amJ-Ûof
Am{X g^r gm§gm[aH$ AmH$f©Um| Ho$ der^yV h¡& ¶hr H$maU h¡ {H$ Omo ~rOJwá CgHo$
Jwé H$s ^y{‘H$m ‘| h¡ Cgr H$s hmoZo dmbr nËZr ¶emoYam go {ddmh H$aZo Ho$ {bE
AmVwa hr OmVm h¡ Am¡a ~rOJwá H$s BÀN>m Ho$ {déÜX AnZo CÔoí¶ H$s ny{V© H$aZo
H$s ¶moOZm ‘| bJm {XImB© XoVm h¡& {MÌboIm Ho$ à{V CgH$m AmH$f©U ^r CgHo$
M[aÌ H$s hr H$‘Omoar h¡& Omo ì¶{º$ CgH$m Aml¶XmVm h¡ CgH$s AZwnpñW{V ‘|
Cgr H$s ào{‘H$m Ho$ à{V Amg{º$ EH$ bånQ> nwéf H$s hr nhMmZ h¡&munotes.in

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{dembXod…
{dembXod aËZmå~a H$m {eî¶ h¡& ‘hmà^w aËZmå~a Zo "nmn' H$m nVm bJmZo
Ho$ {bE {dembXod H$mo Hw$‘ma{J[a Ho$ nmg ^oOm& {dembXod Hw$‘ma{J[a Am¡a {MÌboIm
H$mo g‘rn AmVo XoIVm h¡ Amoa Cg na H$Q>mj ^r H$aVm h¡& dh Hw$‘ma{J[a go A˶m{YH$
à^m{dV ahVm h¡ ³¶m|{H$ Hw$‘ma{J[a Zo "‘‘Ëd' na {dO¶ àmá H$a br Wr& dh
OrdZ Ho$ AZw^dm| go nyU©V… [aº$ h¡ Am¡a g§¶‘ Ho$ joÌ ‘| AmI| ~§X H$aHo$ MbZo
dmbm h¡& ¶hr H$maU h¡ {H$ dh Hw$‘ma{J[a Ho$ Aml‘ ‘| ahH$a ^r Hw$‘ma{J[a Ho$
Am§V[aH$ ‘Zmo^mdm| go n[a{MV Zht hmo nmVm Bgr{b¶o Cnݶmg Ho$ A§V ‘| Hw$‘ma{J[a
H$mo loð> Am¡a g§¶{‘V OrdZ¶mnZ H$aZodmbm ~VmVm h¡&
‘¥Ë¶w§O¶…
nmQ>brnwÌ Ho$ d¶mod¥X²Y gm‘§V ‘¥Ë¶w§O¶ Ho$ nmg YZ-Eoœ¶© H$s A{YH$Vm h¡&
CgH$s nËZr H$s ‘¥Ë¶w hmo MwH$s h¡& CZH$s EH$ gwerb H$ݶm h¡ "¶emoYam'& ‘¥Ë¶w§O¶
H$s BÀN>m Wr {H$ CZH$s ~oQ>r ¶emoYam H$m {ddmh ~rOJwá go hmo na§Vw ~rOJwá Zo
¶h àñVmd Rw>H$am {X¶m& ~rOJwá Am¡a ‘¥Ë¶w§O¶ Ho$ g§~§Y AÀN>o Wo& O~ ~rOJwá
Zo œoVm§H$ Ho$ gmW ¶emoYam Ho$ {ddmh H$m àñVmd aIm Vmo nhbo Vmo ‘¥Ë¶w§O¶ Zo B§H$ma
H$a {X¶m na§Vw ~rOJwá Ûmam AnZr gmar g§n{Îm œoVm§H$ H$mo Xo XoZo na dh CZH$m
{ddmh g§nÞ H$am XoVm h¡& Bggo nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ ‘¥Ë¶w§O¶ Ho$ {bE g§ñH$ma Am¡a
‘¶m©Xm go A{YH$ ‘hÎdnyU© YZ h¡&
¶emoYam…
¶emoYam ‘¥Ë¶w§O¶ H$s EH$‘mÌ g§VmZ h¡& dh A{V gw§Xa, n{dÌ, M§Mb VWm
ZmXmZ H$ݶm h¡& Cnݶmg ‘| dh g˶ H$m nj boZodmbr Zmar h¡& dh ~rOJwá H$s
Va’$ AmH${f©V h¡ Am¡a AnZo {nVm H$s Vah hr dh ^r Cggo {ddmh H$a boZo {bE
ha Cnm¶ H$aZo H$mo V¡¶ma h¡& gmXJr go n[anyU© CgH$m ì¶dhma gamhZr¶ h¡ bo{H$Z
{MÌboIm H$s M§Mb AXmAm| Ho$ g‘j ~rOJwá H$mo à^m{dV H$aZo ‘| Ag’$b hmo
OmVm h¡& AnZr ~mVm| ‘| dh {~bHw$b gVH©$ Am¡a g§¶{‘V {XImB© XoVr h¡& nwéf
dJ© Ho$ à{V EH$ ñdm^m{dH$ AmH$f©U CgHo$ M[aÌ ‘| ^r {XImB© XoVm h¡& Bg àH$ma
àñVwV Cnݶmg ‘| boIH$ Zo nmÌm| H$s gO©Zm Amdí¶H$VmZwgma Am¡a H$Wm Ho$ AZwê$n
hr {H$¶m h¡& Cnݶmg Ho$ g^r nmÌ AnZr ^y{‘H$m H$m ~Iy~r {Zdm©h H$aVo {XImB©
XoVo h¢&
8.4 Cnݶmg H$m n[adoe
{H$gr ^r gm{hp˶H$ {dYm ‘| H$϶ H$mo gOrd, ¶WmW©naH$ Ed§ AZw^y{V
àdU ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE Cggo g§~ÜX n[adoe H$mo àñVwV H$aZm Amdí¶H$ h¡& H$WmZH$
H$mo à^mdr ~ZmZo ‘| H$϶ go g§~§{YV n[adoe AWm©V XoeH$mb dmVmdaU H$mo àñVwV
H$aZm CnݶmgH$ma Ho$ {bE na‘mdí¶H$ h¡& Bggo Cnݶmg ‘| gOrdVm, dmñV{dH$Vm
Am¡a J[a‘m H$m g‘mdoe hmoVm h¡&munotes.in

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^JdVrMaU d‘m© Ho$ Cnݶmg ‘| n[adoe H$m geº$ {MÌ CnbãY h¡& Bg‘|
{Z{hV Ñí¶{dYmZm| ‘| VËH$mbrZ dmVmdaU Am¡a pñW{V H$mo ñnï> Ed§ gmH$ma H$aZo
H$s n¶m©á j‘Vm h¡& CÝhm|Zo AnZo Cnݶmg ‘| àH¥${V dU©Z H$s Anojm dñVw dU©Z
H$mo àYmZVm Xr h¡& dñVw-dU©Z ‘| dm{Q>H$m, ~mOma, eha, ZJa, ZXr, nd©V, ‘§{Xa,
Jm§d Am{X H$m g‘mdoe {H$¶m OmVm h¡&
^JdVr MaU d‘m© Zo AnZo Bg Cnݶmg ‘| nmÌm| H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU n[adoe
Ho$ AZwgma hr {H$¶m h¡& "{MÌboIm' ‘| Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmVmdaU Ho$ AZwgma hr Eo{Vhm{gH$
nmÌm| H$m {MÌU {H$¶m h¡&
Cnݶmg H$mo {Z˶ gwb^ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE àmMrZ CnH$aUm| H$s Amdí¶H$Vm
n‹S>Vr h¡& ‘§ÌUmH$j ‘| amOgr d¡^d {XImZm Amdí¶H$ h¡& ~rOJwá Ho$ amO‘hb
‘| qghmgZ, ‘{Xam, aW, e¶ZH$j B˶m{X H$m dU©Z h¡& gmW hr H$mer, J§Jm ZXr,
J§Jm VQ>, d¥j, Aml‘ B˶m{X H$m ^r dU©Z hþAm h¡& EH$ A‘ra gm‘§V hmoZo Ho$
H$maU ~rOJwá H$s doe^yfm gm‘§Vm| Ho$ g‘mZ Am¡a {MÌboIm H$s ZV©H$s Ho$ g‘mZ
VWm Hw$‘ma{J[a H$s doe^yfm ¶moJr Ho$ g‘mZ {M{ÌV H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee H$s J¶r h¡&
Cnݶmg Hw$b "~mB©g' n[aÑí¶mo ‘| {d^m{OV h¡& à˶oH$ n[aÑí¶ H$s KQ>ZmE± AnZo
n[adoe Ho$ gmW hr K{Q>V hmoVr h¢& Bg{bE nyao Cnݶmg ‘| EH$ {Za§VaVm ~Zr ahVr
h¡ Omo nmR>H$ H$mo AÚm§V ~m±Y H$a aIVr h¡&
¶h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ "^JdVrMaU d‘m©' Ho$ Cnݶmg "{MÌboIm' ‘|
XoeH$mb Ed§ dmVmdaU H$m gOrdVm, ¶WmW©Vm, ‘Zmod¡km{ZH$Vm Am¡a nmÌZwHy$bVm Ho$
gmW {M{ÌV hþAm h¡&
8.5 g§dmX Am¡a ^mfme¡br
H$WmZH$ Am¡a nmÌ {dYmZ Ho$ g‘mZm§Va "g§dmX VWm ^mfme¡br' H$mo ^r Cnݶmg
H$m àYmZ Ed§ na‘mdí¶H$ VÎd ‘mZm J¶m h¡& Bgo Cnݶmg H$m àmU H$hm Om gH$Vm
h¡& {Z…g§Xoh Cnݶmg Ho$ {d{^Þ CnH$aUm| H$mo EH$ gyÌ ‘| {namoH$a Cnݶmg H$m ê$n
àXmZ H$aZodmbm ¶h EH$ ‘mÌ VÎd h¡& g§dmX VËd hr dh Ywar h¡ {Og na Cnݶmg
MH«$ Ky‘Vm h¡& g§dmX ¶m ^mfm Ho$ A^md ‘o§ g§gma H$m H$moB© Cnݶmg Zht ah OmVm&
{MÌboIm Cnݶmg ‘| nmÌm| Ho$ dmVm©bmn Ed§ dmX-{ddmX ‘| H$m춑¶Vm {XImB© XoVr
h¡ ¶hr H$maU h¡ {H$ ¶hm± ^mdm| H$m àñVwVrH$aU ^r H$m춑¶ ~Z n‹S>m h¡& g§dmX
Ho$ eãX H$ht-H$ht Vra H$s Vah n¡Zo h¢ Vmo H$ht Vrd« 춧½¶mË‘H$Vm {bE hþE {XImB©
XoVo h¢& Bg Cnݶmg ‘| g§dmX H$ht XrK© Vmo H$ht-H$ht A{V g§{já {XImB© XoVo
h¢& BgH$m EH$ CXmhaU ¶hm± Xe©Zr¶ h¡-
Hw$‘ma{J[a-‘oam {eî¶ {dembXod AmO amV H$mo ‘oar Hw$Q>r ‘| {dlm‘ H$aoJm, CgH$s
Hw$Q>r Imbr h¡, A{V{W dhm§ Om gH$Vo h¢&
{MÌboIm- ¶moJr! Vnñ¶m OrdZ H$s ^yb h¡, ¶h ‘¢ Vwåh| ~VmE XoVr hÿ§& Vnñ¶mmunotes.in

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H$s dmñV{dH$Vm h¡ AmË‘m H$m hZZ& ""ào‘ Am¡a dmgZm ‘| ^oX h¡, Ho$db BVZm
H$s dmgZm nmJbnZ h¡, Omo j{UH$ h¡ Am¡a Bg{bE dmgZm nmJbnZ Ho$ gmW hr
Xÿa hmo OmVr h¡; Am¡a ào‘ J§^ra h¡& CgH$m ApñVËd erK« Zht {‘Q>Vm&''
EH$ Aݶ CXmhaU-
""œoVm§H$''!
""ñdm‘r''!
""~Vbm gH$Vo hmo, Vw‘Zo AmO ³¶m XoIm&''
hm±! AmO ¶moJr Hw$‘ma{J[a H$mo ñdm{‘Zr Zo nam{OV {H$¶m&
Bg àH$ma H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ {MÌboIm Cnݶmg H$s g§dmX ¶moOZm nyU©V… n[apñW{V¶m|
Am¡a nmÌm| Ho$ AZwHy$b h¡&
{MÌboIm H$m aMZmH$mb {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| N>m¶mdmX Ho$ Zm‘ go à{gÜX
h¡& ^mfm H$s Ñ{ï> go ¶h ¶wJ g§ñH¥$V{Zð>Vm Am¡a n[aîH¥$V ^mfm Ho$ {bE à{gÜX h¡&
¶hr H$maU h¡ {H$ Bg Cnݶmg ‘| VËg‘ àYmZ eãXmdbr H$s A{YH$Vm h¡& Bgo
n‹T>Vo g‘¶ AZoH$ Eogo eãXm| H$m à¶moJ ^r {‘bVm h¡ {OÝh| AàM{bV eãX H$hm
Om gH$Vm h¡& {’$a ^r ^mfm nyU©V… nmÌm| Am¡a n[apñW{V¶m| Ho$ AZwHy$b h¡& Omo boIH$
Ho$ ^mdm| H$m dhm§ H$aZo ‘| gj‘ h¡&
"{MÌboIm' Cnݶmg nyU©V… A{^Z¶ h¢& Bg Cnݶmg ‘| {H$gr àH$ma H$s p³bï>Vm Zhr
h¡& {MÌboIm Cnݶmg H$m ha àg§J amoMH$ h¡& Cnݶmg Ho$ g§dmX gab, g§{já VWm
amoMH$ h¡& Bgr H$maU Cnݶmg A{^Z¶j‘ h¡& VWm ^mfme¡br gab Am¡a amoMH$ h¡&
8.6 g§X^© g{hV ì¶m»¶m
AdVaU - 1
""‘Zwî¶ H$s A§VamË‘m Ho$db Cgr ~mV H$mo AZw{MV g‘PVr h¡, {OgH$mo
g‘mO AZw{MV g‘PVm h¡& Bg{bE ¶h {ZíM¶ nyd©H$ H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ A§VamË‘m
g‘mO Ûmam {Z{‘©V h¡& ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ öX¶ ‘| g‘mO Ho$ {Z¶‘m| Ho$ à{V AÝY{dœmg
Am¡a nyU© lÜXm H$mo hr A§VamË‘m H$hVo h¢& g‘mO go n¥WH$ CgH$m H$moB© ApñVËd
Zht h¡&''
g§X^© …
àñVwV AdVaU AmYw{ZH$ {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ à{gÜX CnݶmgH$ma ^JdVrMaU
d‘m© Ûmam {b{IV Am¡a ñZmVH$ "àW‘ df© H$bm' Ho$ nmR²>¶nwñVH$ ‘| {ZYm©[aV Cnݶmg
""{MÌboIm'' go {b¶m J¶m h¡& Bg Cnݶmg ‘| ""nmn ³¶m h¡?'' Bg {df¶ na
{dMma {H$¶m J¶m h¡& ¶h JÚm§e Cnݶmg Ho$ ""nm±Mdo n[aÀN>oX'' go {b¶m J¶m h¡&
Bg n[aÀN>oX ‘| boIH$ Zo ¶moJr VWm ‘§Ìr‘§S>b ‘| ~¡R>o {dÛmZmo H$s MMm©Am| na àH$me
S>mbm J¶m h¡&munotes.in

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àg§J …
àñVwV AdVaU ‘| AmMm¶© MmU³¶ Am¡a ¶moJr Hw$‘ma{J[a Ho$ ~rM Ho$ dmVm©bmn
H$mo Xem©¶m J¶m h¡& AmMm¶© MmU³¶ ‘§{Ì‘§S>b ‘| ~¡R>o {dÛmZm| Ho$ g‘j Cº$ ~mV|
H$h aho h¢& ¶hm± MmU³¶ Ûmam g‘mO, h‘mar A§VamË‘m Am¡a C{MV-AZw{MV Ho$ Am§V[aH$
njm| Am¡a CZHo$ Amngr g§~§Ym| na MMm© hmo ahr h¡&
ì¶m»¶m …
‘hm¶k ‘| A{^‘pÝÌV amO-àgmX Ho$ {demb àm§JU ‘| g‘«mQ> M§ÐJwá ‘m¡¶©
AmgrZ Wo& aËZO{Q>V ñdU© Ho$ amO-qghmgZ na ‘hmamO {damO‘mZ Wo& gm‘Zo H$‘©H$m§S>r
~«m÷Um| VWm Vnpñd¶m| H$m O‘KQ> Wm& ¶h g^m, àWm Ho$ AZwgma, ‘hm¶k Ho$ ~mX
""Xe©Z na VH©$ H$aZo'' Ho$ {bE EH$Ì hþB© Wr& ‘hmamO M§ÐJwá Zo h§gH$a AnZo àYmZ‘§Ìr
MmU³¶ H$s Am¡a XoIm AmnH$m Zr{Vemó AZoH$ ñWmZm| na Ym{‘©H$ {gÜXm§Vmo H$s
AdhobZm H$aVm h¡& Bg {damoY H$m ³¶m H$maU h¡? ³¶m Zr{Vemó Y‘© Ho$ A§VJ©V
h¡ AWdm Zht ?
MmU³¶ Zo H$hm ‘oao Zr{Vemó ‘| H$ht-H$ht {ZYm©[aV Y‘© H$s é{‹T>¶mo Ho$
{damoYr {gÜXm§V {‘bVo h¢, ‘¢ ^r ¶h ‘mZVm h±ÿ {H$ ""Y‘© g‘mO Ûmam'' {Z{‘©V h¡&
Y‘© Zo Zr{Vemó H$mo OÝ‘ {X¶m Am¡a BgHo$ {dnarV Zr{Vemó Zo Y‘© H$mo OÝ‘ {X¶m
h¡& g‘mO H$mo Or{dV aIZo Ho$ {bE g‘mO Ûmam {ZYm©[aV {Z¶‘m| H$mo hr ""Zr{Vemó''
H$hVo h¢& Am¡a ‘Zwî¶ Y‘© ‘| ~§YH$a BZ {Z¶‘m| H$m nmbZ H$aVm h¡ dh g‘mO Ho$
{bE {hVH$a h¡&
MmU³¶ H$m dm³¶ IË‘ hmoVo hr g^m ‘| gÞmQ>m N>m J¶m& {’$a {dÛmZ‘§S>br
‘| ~¡R>o hþE ¶moJr Hw$‘ma{J[a Zo em§V ^md go CÎma XoVm h¡- ‘Zwî¶ H$m OÝ‘XmVm B©ída
h¡ Am¡a ‘Zwî¶ g‘mO H$m OÝ‘XmVm h¡& Y‘© B©ída H$m gm§g[aH$ ê$n h¡, dh ‘Zwî¶
H$mo B©ída go {‘bZo H$m gmYZ h¡& g˶ EH$ h¢ Am¡a Y‘© Cgr g˶ H$m Xÿgam Zm‘!
Bg àH$ma XmoZm| {dÛmZm| ‘| VH©$-{dVH©$ Mb ahm Wm& MmU³¶ Zo H$hm A§VamË‘m
B©ída Ûmam {Z{‘©V Zht hmo gH$Vr dh g‘mO Ûmam {Z{‘©V h¡& CgHo$ {^Þ-{^Þ ê$n
h¡§& dh {g’©$ Cgr ~mV H$mo AZw{MV g‘PVr h¡ {Ogo g‘mO AZw{MV g‘PVm h¡&
Bg{bE g^r A§VamË‘m {^Þ h¡ O~ B©ída EH$ h¡ Vmo g^r H$s gmoM VWm {dMma
EH$ g‘mZ hmoZm Mm{hE, Y‘© H$mo B©ída Zo ~Zm¶m h¡ na§Vw Eogm Zht h¡& Bg{bE
¶h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ A§VamË‘m g‘mO Ûmam {Z{‘©V h¡& ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ öX¶ ‘| g‘mO
Ho$ {Z¶‘m| Ho$ à{V A§Y{dídmg Am¡a nyU© lÜXm H$mo hr A§VamË‘m H$hVo h¢& g‘mO
go AbJ CgH$m H$moB© ApñVËd Zht h¡& MmU³¶ Ho$ AH$mQ²>¶ VH$m] go g^r {dÛmZ
à^m{dV hþE Am¡a CZHo$ ‘ñVH$ Zdm {XE& na§Vw Hw$‘ma{J[a CZHo$ VH©$ go g§Vwï> Zht
Wo& CÝhm|Zo AnZr e{º$ go g~H$mo ^«{‘V H$a B©ída Ho$ Xe©Z H$adm¶m& na§Vw {MÌboIm
^«{‘V Zhr§ hþB© CgZo H$hm ¶moJr g˶ H$hmo ³¶m Vw‘Zo AnZr AmË‘e{º$ go gmao
Ob‘§S>b H$mo à^m{dV AnZr H$ënZm Ûmam {Z{‘©V g˶ VWm B©ída H$m ê$n {XIbm¶m
h¡? Vw‘ ¶moJr hmo Ag˶ Zht H$h gH$Vo ¶moJr Zo AnZr ^yb ‘mZr& {’$a {MÌboIm
Zo H$hm ³¶m ¶h ^r R>rH$ h¡ {H$ {OZ bmoJm| H$s AmË‘e{º$ BVZr à~b h¡ {H$ domunotes.in

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Vwåhmar AmË‘e{º$ go à^m{dV Zht hmo gHo$, CZ bmoJm| H$mo Vw‘ AnZr H$ënZmO{ZV
MrO| Zht {XIbm gH|$?
g^r ‘| hbMb ‘M JB©, Hw$‘ma{J[a Zo AnZr ^yb H$mo ñdrH¥$V {H$¶m& {MÌboIm
H$mo {dO¶ ‘wHw$Q> nhZm¶m J¶m&
{deof …
1.Bg àg§J Ho$ ‘mܶ‘ go boIH$ ¶h Xem©Zm MmhVo h¢ {H$ "Y‘©' g‘mO Ûmam
{Z{‘©V h¡&
2.Bg àg§J ‘| Z¥Ë¶ VWm amO^dZ H$m dU©Z h¡&
3.g§ñH¥$V{Zð> eãXmdbr H$m à¶moJ hþAm h¡&
AdVaU - 2
""‘Zwî¶ H$mo OÝ‘ XoVo hþE B©ída Zo CgH$m H$m¶© joÌ {ZYm©[aV H$a {X¶m&
CgZo ‘Zwî¶ H$mo Bg{bE OÝ‘ {X¶m h¡ {H$ dh g§gma ‘| AmH$a H$‘© H$ao, H$m¶a
H$s ^m§{V g§gma H$s ~mYmAm| go ‘wI Z ‘mo‹S> bo& Am¡a gwI! gwI V¥{á H$m Xÿgam
Zm‘ h¡& V¥{á dht g§^d h¡, Ohm± BÀN>m hmoJr, dmgZm hmoJr&''
g§X^© …
àñVwV JÚm§e "àW‘ df© H$bm' Ho$ nmR²>¶nwñVH$ ‘| {ZYm©[aV Cnݶmg ""{MÌboIm''
go {b¶m J¶m h¡& BgHo$ CnݶmgH$ma ""^JdVrMaU d‘m©'' h¡& CÐY¥V JÚm§e Cnݶmg
Ho$ "Mm¡Wo n[aÀN>oX' go {b¶m J¶m h¡& Bg Cnݶmg ‘| boIH$ Zo ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ Ñ{ï>H$moU
H$s {df‘Vm VWm ào‘ Am¡a dmgZm Ho$ ^oX H$s g‘ñ¶m H$mo d{U©V {H$¶m h¡&
àg§J …
¶h àg§J Cnݶmg Ho$ "Mm¡Wo n[aÀN>oX' go CX²Y¥V h¡& Bg n[aÀN>oX ‘o§ am{Ì
Ho$ g‘¶ H$m dU©Z h¡& am{Ì Ho$ g‘¶ {MÌboIm Am¡a ~rOJwá, Hw$‘ma{J[a Ho$ Aml‘
‘| éH$Zo Ho$ CÔoí¶ go nhþ§MVo h¢, dhm§ nhþ§MH$a {MÌboIm Am¡a Hw$‘ma{J[a Ho$ ~rM
Omo dmVm©bmn hmoVm h¡ ¶h AdVaU Cgr go gå~ÜX h¡& Cº$ ~mV| {MÌboIm Hw$‘ma{J[a
H$mo g§~mo{YV H$aVo hþE H$h ahr h¡&
ì¶m»¶m …
am{Ì H$m g‘¶ Wm, ~rOJwá Am¡a {MÌboIm Hw$‘ma{J[a H$s Hw${Q> na nhþ§Mo&
Hw$‘ma{J[a Zo ñdmJV {H$¶m& {’$a dhm± CnpñWV bmoJm| H$m dmVm©bmn ewê$ hþAm& Hw$‘ma{J[a
Zo g‘mO Ho$ à{V {daº$ Wo Am¡a {MÌboIm g‘mO, Eoíd¶©, ^moJ-{dbmg Ho$ nj
‘| AnZo VH©$ Xo ahr Wr& Hw$‘ma{J[a H$mo ór go g§H$moM Wm dh ór H$mo ‘moh, ‘m¶m
Am¡a dmgZm g‘P Vm Wm& CgHo$ AZwgma kmZ AmbmoH$‘¶ g§gma ‘| ór H$m H$moB©
ñWmZ Zht& ¶h g~ ~mV| {MÌboIm AmíM¶© VWm H$m¡Vwhb Ho$ gmW gwZ ahr Wr&
{MÌboIm Zo H$hm ¶moJr em§{V AH$‘©Ê¶Vm H$m Xÿgam Zm‘ h¡ Am¡a ahm gwI, Cg H$s
n[a^mfm EH$ Zht&munotes.in

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Hw$‘ma{J[a EH$ ZV©H$s Ho$ ‘wI go Bg Vah {dMma gwZH$a ñVãY ah JE&
CgZo H$hm {H$ Vwåh| A^r kmV Zht h¡ {H$ gwI ³¶m h¡& gwI dh h¡, ""O~ ‘Zwî¶
AnZr g‘mO Ho$ à{V ^mdZm Am¡a ‘moh-‘m¶m, Eoíd¶©, dmgZm H$mo ˶mJ H$a na‘mË‘m
‘| {dbrZ hmo OmE&'' V~ dh g§gma go ~hþV D$na CR> MwH$m hmoJm& Cgo XþI H$m
H$moB© ^¶ Z hmoJm& {MÌboIm Zo H$hm B©ída Zo ‘Zwî¶ H$mo ³¶m| ~Zm¶m h¡, B©ída
Zo OÝ‘ XoVo hr ‘Zwî¶ H$m H$m¶©joÌ {ZYm©[aV H$a {X¶m h¡& CgZo ‘Zwî¶ H$mo Bg{bE
OÝ‘ {X¶m h¡ {H$ dh g§gma ‘| AmH$a H$‘© H$ao, Omo ^r XþI, H${R>ZmB© ¶m ~mYm
AmE Cggo ‘wI Zm ‘mo‹S>o! Am¡a gwI V¥{á H$m Xÿgam Zm‘ h¡ Am¡a ‘Zwî¶ H$s AmË‘m
dhm± hr V¥{á nmVr h¡, Ohm§ BÀN>m hmoJr, dmgZm hmoJr&
{MÌboIm H$m ‘mZZm h¡ {H$ gm§gm[aH$ ‘moh‘m¶m go H$moB© ^r ì¶{º$ ~M Zhr
gH$Vm& ¶h OrdZ ^m¡{VH$ g§gmYZm| H$s Vah ^moJZo H$s dmñVw h¡& Bggo N>mo‹S> H$a
^mJZm EH$ àH$ma H$s H$m¶aVm h¡, àmH¥${VH$ {Z¶‘m| H$m C„§KZ h¡ Am¡a BÝh| ˶mJZo
dmbm ì¶{º$ H$^r em§V Zht ah gH$Vm& ³¶m|{H$ g§gma H$m ha EH$ AmX‘r gwI
MmhVm h¡ Am¡a gwI dht hmoVm h¡ Ohm§ BÀN>m h¡& dmñVd ‘| BÀN>mAmo§ H$s ny{V© H$m
Xÿgam Zm‘ hr gwI h¡& Bg{bE OrdZ ‘| H$m‘ZmAm| H$m hmoZm Amdí¶H$ h¡&
{deof…
{MÌboIm H$s Xme©{ZH$Vm C^a H$a gm‘Zo AmB© h¡& Bg àg§J Ûmam boIH$ Zo
¶h Xem©Zo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m h¡ {H$ g‘mO H$m ˶mJ H$aHo$ gwI H$s àm{á Zhr hmoVr
h¡& g‘mO ‘| ahH$a g^r MrOm| H$m ^moJ-{dbmg H$aHo$ hr V¥{á àmá hmoVr h¡& àg§J
‘| am{Ì H$m g‘¶ h¡& O§Jb Ho$ Ñí¶ H$m dU©Z h¡& XrnH$ {Q>‘{Q>‘m aho h¢&
AdVaU - 3
""g§^dV… ¶Ú{n ‘Zwî¶ ‘| Jwá ^oXm| H$m hmoZm CgH$s Xÿ{fV àd¥{Îm H$m ÚmoVH$
h¡& ‘Zwî¶ AnZr ~mV| Jwá Bg{bE aIVm h¡ dh ^¶ ImVm h¡ {H$ H$ht g‘mO ¶{X
CZ ~mVm| H$mo OmZ OmE, Vmo CgH$s g‘mbmoMZm Z H$ao, ¶m CgH$mo ~wam Zm H$ho&''
g§X^© …
àñVwV JÚm§e "àW‘ df© H$bm' Ho$ nmR²>¶nwñVH$ ‘| {ZYm©[aV Cnݶmg ""{MÌboIm''
go {b¶m J¶m h¡& BgHo$ CnݶmgH$ma ""^JdVrMaU d‘m©'' h¡& CX²Y¥V JÚm§e Cnݶmg
Ho$ "nÝÐhd| n[aÀN>oX' go {b¶m J¶m h¡& Bg Cnݶmg ‘| "nmn ³¶m h¡?' BgH$s ImoO
‘| ào‘ Am¡a dmg Zm Ho$ ^oX H$s g‘ñ¶m H$mo d{U©V {H$¶m h¡&
àg§J …
àñVwV JÚm§e ‘| "nÝÐhd| n[aÀN>oX' go CX²Y¥V hþAm h¡& Bg àg§J ‘| H$mer
Xe©Z Ho$ {bE àñWmZ H$a aho ~rOJwá go g§J "¶emoYam' Ho$ EH$ ñWmZ na R>haZo
Ho$ ~mX àH¥${V H$mo XoIH$a {H$E JE dmVm©bmn H$m dU©Z h¡&munotes.in

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ì¶m»¶m …
~rOJwá {MÌboIm Ho$ Mbo OmZo Ho$ ~mX A˶m{YH$ XþIr h¢& CÝhm|Zo ""H$mer
Xe©Z'' H$m {ZíM¶ {H$¶m& na§Vw œoVm§H$ Ho$ Ûmam ¶emoYam H$mo Bg ~mV H$s gyMZm
àmá hþB© Vmo dh ^r AnZo {nVm Ho$ g§J H$mer-Xe©Z Ho$ {bE OmZo H$r V¡¶mar H$s,
dh g~ ¶mÌm H$aVo aho am{Ì hmo MwH$s Wr, na§Vw ~rOJwá ñd¶§ ‘| ImoE hþE Wo& œoVm§H$
Zo AZw‘{V br, {H$ H$ht {dlm‘ {H$¶m OmE& dhm§ EH$ ""dm{Q>H$m'' ^r Wr gmW
hr EH$ {demb ^dZ ^r Wm&
g^r dhm± R>hao na§Vw ~rOJwá Ho$ ‘Z ‘| {MÌboIm H$mo ^ybZo H$m à¶mg Omar
Wm& dh g^r go Xÿa ^mJ ahm Wm, na§Vw "¶emoYam' ñd¶§ CgHo$ g‘rn Am JB© h¡&
~rOJwá Ho$ ‘Z ‘| EH$ ¶wÜX Mb ahm Wm& Hw$N> g‘¶ níMmV gy¶© {ZH$bm, ~rOJwá
dm{Q>H$m H$s Amoa JE dhm§ ""¶emoYam'' H$mo nm¶m dh àH¥${V H$m ~‹S>o ܶmZ go {Z[ajU
H$a ahr Wr& ~rOJwá Zo H$hm Xodr! Amn ³¶m XoI ahr h¡? ‘wPo Vmo àH¥${V ‘| H$moB©
gw§XaVm Zht {XImB© XoVr& ¶emoYam H$mo AmíM¶© hþAm&
¶emoYam Zo H$hm ‘wPo Bg Xþd} na ~¡R>Zo H$m ‘Z H$aVm h¡& ‘hbm| go Á¶mXm
gwI, em§{V àH¥${V ‘| h¡, ‘¢ AJa {M{‹S>¶m hmoVr Vmo Iwbo Amg‘mZ ‘| C‹S>Vr& ~rOJwá
Zo H$hm Xodr! Xþd} ‘| ^r {H$VZo Oharbo ZmJ h¡ {M{‹S>¶m| H$mo ^r gwajm Zht h¡,
àH¥${V ‘| ~hþV IVam h¡, h‘ ‘Zwî¶ gwa{jV h¢&
¶emoYam Zo H$hm Amn XþIr bJ aho h¢, ~rOJwá Zo H$hm bmoJ AnZr ~mVm|
H$mo Jwá aIVo h¢ Vm{H$ g‘mO Cgo ~wam Zm g‘Po na§Vw ‘wPo CgH$m H$moB© ^¶ Zht,
~g ‘¢ AnZo XþI go {H$gr Aݶ ì¶{º$ H$mo XþIr Zht H$aZm MmhVm& BVZm H$hH$a
~rOJwá Mbo JE& bmoJm| ‘| ~mV hmoZo bJr "‘¥Ë¶w§O¶' Zo œoVm§H$ go BgH$m H$maU
nyN>m Vmo ¶emoYam Zo H$hm ~rOJwá Iwbr nwñVH$ H$s ^m§{V h¡, CZHo$ ‘Z ‘| Hw$N> Zht,
Zm Vmo dh Hw$N> Jwá aIZm MmhVo h¢& dh g‘mO go Hw$N> Zht Nw>nmVo, na§Vw dh A^r
{Og AdñWm ‘| h¡ CgH$m à^md Aݶ {H$gr na Zm hmo Bg{bE dh Bg {df¶
H$mo Jwá aI aho h¢& Am¡a ""‘Zwî¶ ‘| Jwá ^oXm| H$m hmoZm CgH$s H$bw{fV àd¥{Îm H$m
KmVH$ h¡&'' na§Vw ~rOJwá gab Am¡a Iwbo ñd^md Ho$ ì¶{º$ h¢&
{deof …
Bg àg§J ‘| boIH$ Zo A{Vgw§Xa àH¥${V H$m dU©Z {H$¶m h¡, VWm ~rOJwá
Ho$ ‘Z ‘| Mb aho Û§Û H$mo Xem©¶m h¡& Bg àg§J ‘| H$mer ZJar VWm ‘mJ© ‘| n‹S>Zo
dmbr dm{Q>H$m, dZ, ^dZ B˶m{X H$m dU©Z h¡&
AdVaU - 4
""Zht ‘oao OrdZ H$s H$moB© ~mV Jwá Zhr§ h¡& Jwá do ~mV| aIr OmVr h¢,
Omo AZw{MV hmoVr h¢& Jwá aIZm ^¶ H$m ÚmoVH$ h¡, Am¡a ^¶^rV hmoZm ‘Zwî¶ Ho$
AnamYr hmoZo H$m ÚmoVH$ h¡& ‘¢ Omo H$aVm h±ÿ Cgo C{MV g‘PVm h±ÿ, Bg{bE Cgo
H$^r Jwá Zht aIVm& H$maU ‘¢ Vwåho Bg{bE Zht ~VbmZm MmhVm Wm {H$ AnZo
Xþ…I go Xÿgam| H$mo XþIr H$aZm AZw{MV h¡&''munotes.in

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g§X^© …
àñVwV JÚm§e "~r.E. àW‘ df© H$bm' Ho$ nmR²>¶nwñVH$ ‘| {b{IV Cnݶmg
""{MÌboIm'' go {b¶m J¶m h¡& BgHo$ CnݶmgH$ma ""^JdVrMaU d‘m©'' Or h¢& Bg
Cnݶmg ‘| boIH$ Zo ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ Ñ{ï>H$moU H$s {df‘Vm VWm ào‘ Am¡a dmgZm Ho$ ^oX
H$s g‘ñ¶m H$mo d{U©V {H$¶m h¡&
àg§J …
àñVwV JÚm§e ‘| ~rOJwá Am¡a {MÌboIm Ho$ ào‘ g§~§Y Ho$ ~mao ‘| dU©Z {H$¶m
J¶m h¡& ~rOJwá, ¶emoYam go AnZo Am¡a {MÌboIm Ho$ ~mao ‘| Zht ~VmZm MmhVm
h¡& dh {MÌboIm go dmñV{dH$ ào‘ H$aVm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ H$hZo na hr dh EH$-
Xÿgao go Xÿa h¡ {Oggo ({MÌboIm) dh Xþ…Ir h¡& Bg{bE dh AnZo Xþ…I go Cgo
Xþ…Ir Zht H$aZm MmhVm h¡&
ì¶m»¶m …
~rOJwá {MÌboIm Ho$ Mbo OmZo go {Zame h¡& CgH$s {Zamem ¶emoYam H$mo
qM{VV ~Zm XoVr h¡& dh gmoMVr h¡ {H$ ~rOJwá gw§Xa ZJa H$mer ‘o§ AmE {’$a ^r
Iwe Zht h¡& BZHo$ Xþ…Ir hmoZo H$m H$maU ³¶m h¡? Cggo ahm Zht OmVm h¡& dh
CgHo$ Xþ…I H$m H$maU OmZZm MmhVr h¡& ~rOJwá, ¶emoYam go ¶h H$hVm h¡ {H$
Zht ‘oao OrdZ H$s H$moB© ~mV Nw>nr Zhr§ h¡& {N>nm¶r do ~mV h¢; Omo C{MV Zm hmo&
{H$gr ~mV H$mo Nw>nmE aIZm S>a H$m ÚmoVH$ h¡, Am¡a ^¶^rV hmoZm ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ AnamYr
hmoZo H$m ÚmoVH$ h¡& AWm©V ~rOJwá Ho$ H$hZo H$m VmËn¶© Wm {H$ dh {MÌboIm go
ào‘ H$aVm h¡ Am¡a ¶h ~mV CgZo g^m ‘| g~Ho$ gm‘Zo aIr h¡ Vmo Bg‘| Jwá aIZo
O¡gm Hw$N> ^r Z Wm& bo{H$Z dh gmoM ahm Wm {H$ ¶{X ¶emoYam H$mo kmV hmoJm
{H$ dh {MÌboIm go ào‘ Ho$ H$maU Cggo {ddmh Zht H$a gH$Vm, Vmo em¶X ¶emoYam
^r Xþ…Ir hmo OmEJr&
~rOJwßV H$m H$hZm Wm {H$ dh Omo Hw$N> ^r H$aVm h¡ Cgo C{MV g‘PZm
h¡, Bg{bE dh do ~mV| Jwá Zht aIVm& H$maU ~g BVZm Wm, dh ¶emoYam H$mo
Bg{bE Zht ~VmZm MmhVm Wm {H$ AnZo Xþ…I go Xÿgam| H$mo Xþ…Ir H$aZm R>rH$ Zht
h¡& ~rOJwá Zht MmhVo Wo {H$ CgH$m Xþ…I OmZH$a Aݶ ì¶{º$ ^r Xþ…Ir hmo&
¶h g~ OmZH$a ¶emoYam H$mo Eogm àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ ¶{X Bg {df¶ ‘|
CgZo Am¡a ~mV| N>o‹S>r Vmo Bggo ~rOJwá Am¡a hr Xþ…Ir hm|Jo& Bg{bE dh Mwn hmo
OmVr h¡&
{deof …
¶hm± ~rOJwá Ho$ M[aÌ H$s {ZS>aVm Am¡a ñnï>dm{XVm IwbH$a {XImB© XoVr
h¡& JÚmdVaU ‘| Bg {df¶ na ~b {X¶m J¶m h¡ {H$ ¶{X ‘Zwî¶ AnZo OrdZ ‘|
H$moB© H$Qw> g˶ Jwá aIVm h¡, Vmo dh ^¶^rV ahVm h¡& H$Wm ‘| àdmh‘¶Vm h¡&
^mfm-g§ñH¥$V{Zð> I‹S>r ~mobr h¢&munotes.in

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AdVaU - 5
""g§gma ‘| nmn Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡, dh Ho$db ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ Ñ{ï>H$moU H$r {df‘Vm
H$m Xÿgam Zm‘ h¡& à˶oH$ ì¶{º$ EH$ {deof àH$ma H$s ‘Z… àd¥{Îm boH$a CËnÞ hmoVm
h¡- à˶oH$ ì¶{º$ Bg g§gma Ho$ a§J‘§M na A{^Z¶ H$aZo AmVm h¡& AnZr ‘Z…
àd¥{Îm go ào[aV hmoH$a AnZo nmR> H$mo XþhamVm h¡- ¶hr ‘Zwî¶ H$m OrdZ h¡&''
g§X^© …
àñVwV JÚm§e "~r.E. àW‘ df© H$bm' Ho$ nmR²>¶nwñVH$ ‘| {b{IV Cnݶmg
""{MÌboIm'' go {b¶m J¶m h¡& BgHo$ CnݶmgH$ma ""^JdVrMaU d‘m©'' Or h¡& boIH$
Zo ‘Zwî¶ H$s ‘Z…àd¥{Îm Ho$ ~mao ‘| dU©Z {H$¶m h¡& ì¶{º$ n[apñW{V AZwgma AnZm
A{^Z¶ H$aVm h¡& ‘Zwî¶ ñd¶§ H$m ‘m{bH$ Zht hmoVm ~pëH$ dh n[apñW{V H$m Jwbm‘
hmoVm h¡&
àg§J …
àñVwV n§{º$¶m| Ûmam boIH$ Zo ¶h ~VmZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m h¡ {H$ nmn Am¡a
nwʶ H$moB© gmoM g‘PH$a Zht H$aVm h¡& ‘Zwî¶ Ho$db dhr H$aVm h¡ Omo Cgo H$aZm
n‹S>Vm h¡ AWm©V Zm dh nmn H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Zm hr nwʶ& Bg{bE g§gma ‘| nmn H$s
H$moB© n[a^mfm Zht h¡& Cº$ ~mV| aº$må~a Ûmam œoVm§H$ Am¡a {dembXod go Cg g‘¶
H$hr Om ahr h¢ O~ do XmoZm| AnZo EH$ df© H$m g‘¶ nmn Ho$ Ty>±T>Zo ‘| AnZo-
AnZo AZw^d boH$a nwZ… AmVo h¢&
ì¶m»¶m …
aËZmå~a Zo O~ œoVm§H$ Am¡a {dembXod go AmnHo$ ~mao ‘| nyN>m Vmo XmoZm|
H$s nmn H$s YmaUmE§ AbJ-AbJ Wr& ³¶m|{H$ do XmoZm| AbJ-AbJ n[apñW{V¶m|
‘| ah aho Wo& ‘hmà^w aËZmå~a Zo CÝh| A§{V‘ nmR> {gImVo hþE H$hm {H$ g§gma
‘¢ nmn Hw$N> ^r Zht h¡, dh Ho$db ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ gmoM H$s {df‘Vm H$m Xÿgam Zm‘
h¡& à˶oH$ ì¶{º$ EH$ {deof àH$ma H$s ‘Z… àd¥{Îm boH$a CËnÞ hmoVm h¡- à˶oH$
ì¶{º$ Bg g§gma ê$nr a§J‘§M na EH$ A{^Z¶ H$aZo AmVm h¡& AnZr ‘Z… àd¥{Îm
go ào[aV hmoH$a AnZo nmR> H$mo dh XmohamVm h¡- ¶hr ‘Zwî¶ H$m OrdZ h¡& H$hZo
H$m ¶h VmËn¶© h¡ {H$ ‘Zwî¶ Omo Hw$N> H$aVm h¡ dh CgHo$ ñd^md Ho$ AZwHy$b hmoVm
h¡& Am¡a ñd^md àmH¥${VH$ h¡ AWm©V àH¥${V ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ ‘pñVîH$ ‘| O¡go ñd^md H$s
aMZm H$r h¡ dh R>rH$ Cgr àH$ma AnZm H$m¶© H$aVm h¡& dh ñd¶§ H$m ñdm‘r Zht
h¡ ~pëH$ dh n[apñW{V H$m Xmg h¡& n[apñW{V ‘Zwî¶ go O¡gm H$admVr h¡ dh CgHo$
AZwHy$b AnZm OrdZ OrVm h¡& ‘Zwî¶ {dde h¡ Cgo n[apñW{V Ho$ g‘j PwH$Zm hr
n‹S>Vm h¡& dh H$Vm© Zht h¡ Ho$db gmYZ h¡& dh g§gma ‘| Ho$db gmYZ ‘mÌ h¡,
{Og àH$ma go dh Cn¶moJ bm¶m Om gHo$ Cgo Cgr àH$ma g§gma ‘| àñVwV hmoZm
n‹S>Vm h¡&munotes.in

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boIH$ H$hVo h¢ {H$ Bg‘| nwʶ Am¡a nmn H¡$gm? n[apñW{V¶m| ‘| nwʶ Am¡a
nmn H$s OJh Zht h¡& ‘Zwî¶ ¶h gmoMH$a H$m¶© Zhr§ H$aVm {H$ dh nmn H$a ahm
h¡& ha ì¶{º$ gwI MmhVm h¡& gwI Ho$ H|$Ð AbJ-AbJ hmoVo h¢& Hw$N> ì¶{º$ gwI
H$mo YZ ‘| Ty>§T>Vo h¢, Hw$N> gwI H$mo ‘{Xam ‘| XoIVo h¢ Am¡a Hw$N> gwI H$mo ˶mJ
‘| XoIVo h¢& bo{H$Z g§gma ‘| ahZodmbo à˶oH$ ì¶{º$ H$m EH$ ‘mÌ bú¶ hmoVm h¡
gwI àmá H$aZm& H$moB© ^r Zht MmhoJm {H$ CgHo$ {H$gr H$m‘ go {H$gr H$mo H$moB©
Xþ…I nhþ§Mo& ¶hm± aº$må~a AnZo XmoZm| {eî¶m| H$mo ¶h ~VmZm MmhVo h¢ {H$ ha ì¶{º$
n[apñW{V¶m| H$m Xmg hmoVm h¡& bmoJ {Og n[adoe ‘| ahVo h¢ Cgr Ho$ AZwgma C{MV-
AZw{MV, nmn-nwʶ H$m {ZYm©aU ^r H$aVo h¢& ¶hr H$maU h¡ {H$ ¶hm± œoVm§H$ Hw$‘ma{J[a
H$mo n{VV H$hVm h¡ Am¡a {dembXod ~rOJwá H$mo n{VV H$hVm h¡& n[apñW{V¶m| Ho$
AZwgma hr nmn Am¡a nwʶ H$s n[a^mfm ^r J‹T>r OmVr h¡&
{deof …
1.boIH$ Zo nmn Am¡a nwʶ Ho$ {ZYm©aU ‘| ‘Zwî¶ Ho$ Ñ{ï>H$moU H$s {df‘Vm
na ~b {X¶m h¡&
2.‘mZd OrdZ Ho$ {ZYm©aU ‘| n[apñW{V¶m| H$mo ‘hÎdnyU© ‘mZm J¶m h¡&
3.AdVaU H$s ^mfm-g§ñH¥$V{Zð> I‹S>r ~mobr h¡&
8.7 {XKm}Îmar àíZ …
1.{MÌboIm Cnݶmg ‘| "~rOJwá' Ûmam {H$¶o J¶o ˶mJ na àH$me S>m{bE&
2."‘Zwî¶ n[apñW{V¶m| H$m Xmg hmoVm h¡' {MÌboIm Cnݶmg Ho$ AmYma na ñnï>
H$s{O¶o&
3.{MÌboIm Ho$ {MÎm H$s ApñWaVm ~rOJwá Am¡a {MÌboIm XmoZm| Ho$ OrdZ H$mo
{H$g àH$ma à^m{dV H$aVr h¡?
4.¶moJr Hw$‘ma{J[a Ho$ M[aÌ na àH$me S>m{bE?
5.{MÌboIm H$m M[aÌ-{MÌU H$s{OE&
6.{MÌboIm Cnݶmg H$s H$WmdñVw H$mo AnZo eãXm| ‘| {b{IE&
8.8 bKwÎmar¶ àíZ …
1.{H$g XþIX KQ>Zm Zo {MÌboIm H$mo ZV©H$s Ho$ nmg na nhþ±Mm {X¶m?
CÎma … H¥$îUm{X˶ H$s AmË‘h˶m Am¡a ZdOmV ~oQ>o H$s ‘¥Ë¶w Zo {MÌboIm H$mo ZV©H$s
Ho$ Ûma VH$ nhþ±Mm {X¶m&
2.~rOJwá H$m¡Z h¡?
CÎma … ~rOJwá nmQ>brnwÌ H$m A‘ra gm‘§V h¡&munotes.in

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3.Hw$‘ma{J[a H$m¡Z h¡? Am¡a dh {H$g‘| {dœmg aIVm h¡?
CÎma … Hw$‘ma{J[a EH$ ¶moJr h¡ Am¡a dh {Z¶‘ Am¡a g§¶‘ ‘| {dœmg aIVm h¡&
4.œoVm§H$ Am¡a {dembXod H$m¡Z h¡?
CÎma … œoVm§H$ Am¡a {dembXod ‘hmà^w aËZmå~a Ho$ {eî¶ h¢&
5.œoVm§H$ Am¡a {dembXod {H$g àíZ H$m CÎma Ty>§T>Zo {ZH$bVo h¢&
CÎma … œoVm§H$ Am¡a {dembXod g§gma ‘| nmn ³¶m h¡? Bg àíZ H$m CÎma Ty>§T>Zo
{ZH$bVo h¢&
6.{MÌboIm {H$go AnZm N>moQ>m ^mB© H$hVr h¡?
CÎma … {MÌboIm AnZm N>moQ>m ^mB© œoVm§H$ H$mo ‘mZVr h¡&
7.‘¥Ë¶w§O¶ AnZr ~oQ>r H$m {ddmh œoVm§H$ go ³¶m| Zht H$aZm MmhVo Wo?
CÎma … œoVm§H$ YZhrZ Wm Bg{bE ‘¥Ë¶w§O¶ AnZr ~oQ>r H$m {ddmh Cggo Zht H$aZm
MmhVo Wo&
8.Am¶©loð> ‘¥Ë¶w§O¶ H$m¡Z Wo?
CÎma … Am¶©loð> ‘¥Ë¶w§O¶ ¶emoYam Ho$ {nVm Am¡a nmQ>brnwÌ Ho$ d¶mod¥ÜX gm‘§V Wo&
9.~rOJwá Am¡a ¶emoYam H$hm± H$s ¶mÌm na J¶o?
CÎma … ~rOJwá Am¡a ¶emoYam dmamUgr H$s ¶mÌm na J¶o&
10.Hw$‘ma{J[a H$mo {H$gZo nam{OV {H$¶m?
CÎma … Hw$‘ma{J[a H$mo MÝÐJwá Ho$ ‘hb ‘| {MÌboIm Zo nam{OV {H$¶m&
11.~rOJwá Zo AH$maU {H$g H$m An‘mZ {H$¶m Wm?
CÎma … ~rOJwá Zo AH$maU hr ""‘¥Ë¶w§O¶'' H$m An‘mZ {H$¶m Wm&
12.œoVm§H$ {H$ggo {ddmh H$aZm MmhVm Wm?
CÎma … œoVm§H$ "¶emoYam' go {ddmh H$aZm MmhVm Wm&
13.œoVm§H$ Ho$ {nVm H$m ³¶m Zm‘ Wm?
CÎma … œoVm§H$ Ho$ {nVm H$m Zm‘ ""{dœn{V'' Wm&
14.‘hmà^w aËZmå~a H$m nhbm {Zdmg ñWmZ ³¶m Wm?
CÎma … ‘hmà^w aËZmå~a H$m nhbm {Zdmg ñWmZ "H$mer' ‘| hr Wm&
15.""AmË‘m H$m g§~§Y AZm{X Zht h¡ ~rOJwá!'' {H$gH$m H$WZ h¡?
CÎma … ""AmË‘m H$m g§~§Y AZm{X Zht h¡ ~rOJwá!'' ¶h H$WZ "{MÌboIm' H$m h¢&
16.{MÌboIm H$hm§ Am¡a {H$ggo {X{jV hmoZo JB© Wr?
CÎma … {MÌboIm, Hw$‘ma{J[a Ho$ Aml‘ ‘| Hw$‘ma{J[a go Xr{jV hmoZo J¶r Wr&munotes.in

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17.~rOJwá ¶emoYam go {ddmh ³¶m| Zht H$aZm MmhVm Wm?
CÎma … ~rOJwá {MÌboIm go ào‘ H$aVm Wm, Cgo hr AnZr nËZr ‘mZVm Wm Bg{bE
dh ¶emoYam go {ddmh Zht H$aZm MmhVm Wm&
18.""‘oao ^r n§I hmoVo Am¡a ‘¢ H$nmoVr hmoVr'' {H$gH$m H$WZ h¡?
CÎma … ""‘oao ^r n§I hmoVo Am¡a ‘¢ H$nmoVr hmoVr''- ""¶emoYam'' H$m H$WZ h¡?
19.{dembXod H$hm± ~¡R>H$a AmamYZm H$aVm Wm?
CÎma … {dembXod AnZo Aml‘ ‘| ""dQ>-d¥j'' Ho$ ZrMo ~¡R> H$a AmamYZm H$aVm Wm&
20.¶moJr Hw$‘ma{J[a {H$ggo ào‘ H$aZo bJo?
CÎma … ¶moJr Hw$‘ma{J[a ""{MÌboIm'' ào‘ H$aZo bJo&
21.^JdVr MaU d‘m© Ho$ nhbo Cnݶmg H$m Zm‘ ~VmBE&
CÎma … ^JdVrMaU d‘m© H$m nhbo Cnݶmg H$m Zm‘ "nVZ' h¡&
22.~rOJwá Am¡a {MÌboIm {H$g ê$n ‘| amÁ¶ go {ZH$bVo h¢?
CÎma … ~rOJwá Am¡a {MÌboIm {^Imar Ho$ ê$n ‘| amÁ¶ go {ZH$bVo h¢&
23.{MÌboIm {H$g C‘« ‘| {dYdm hmo JB© Wr?
CÎma … {MÌboIm ‘mÌ AR>mah df© H$s C‘« {dYdm hmo JB© Wr&
24.Cnݶmg Ho$ A§V ‘| {MÌboIm {H$go àmá hmoVr h¡ ?
CÎma … {MÌboIm A§VV… ~rOJwá H$mo àmá hmoVr h¡&
25.‘¥Ë¶w§O¶ AnZr g§n{Îm {H$go XoZo dmbo Wo&
CÎma … ‘¥Ë¶w§O¶ AnZr gånyU© g§n{Îm AnZo XÎmH$ nwÌ H$mo XoZo dmbo Wo&
H H HH H HH H HH H HH H Hmunotes.in

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60 uewuk iz’ui= ch-,- izFke o”kZ & fganh ¼,sfPNd½ le; % 3 ?kaVs dqy vad % 100 1- fuEufyf[kr vorj.kksa dh lanHkZ&lfgr O;k[;k dhft,A 24 d½ ßtks yksx ckgj fo’kq) [kÌjnkjh gksrs gSa os Hkh fons’kh js’ke ds Fkku [+kjhndj j[krs gSa] blh ls rks ns’k dh mUufr ugha gksrh & rc eSa cM+s d”V ls g¡lh jksd ldhAÞ vFkok ßv[kckjksa esa ‘kksj gqvk fd pus esa bYyh yx xbZ gS vkSj ljdkj lks jgha gS oxSjgAÞ [k½ ßlalkj esa blhfy, iki dh ifjHkk”kk ugha gks ldh & vkSj u gks ldrh gSA ge u iki djrs gSa vkSj u iq.; djrs gSa] ge dsoy og djrs gSa] tks gesa djuk iM+rkAÞ vFkok ßlalkj esa iki dqN Hkh ugha gS] ;g dsoy euq”; ds n`f”Vdks.k dk nwljk uke gSAÞ 2- fuEufyf[kr iz’uksa ds mÙkj fyf[k,A 30 x½ ^Hkksj dk rkjk* ,dkadh dk lkjka’k dks Li”V dhft,\ vFkok ^vfLFk;ksa ds v{kj* laLej.k dk lkjka’k dks vius ‘kCnksa esa fyf[k,\ ?k½ ^fp=ys[kk* miU;kl esa ^chtxqIr* }kjk fd;s x;s R;kx ij izdk’k Mkfy,\ vFkok fp=ys[kk dk pfj=&fp=.k dhft,\ 3- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlh ,d iz’u dk mÙkj nhft,A 15 Pk½ ^thi ij lokj bfYy;k¡* uked O;aX; dh laosnuk dks Li”V dhft,A vFkok N½ ^fp=ys[kk* miU;kl dh dFkkoLrq dks vius ‘kCnksa esa fyf[k,A munotes.in

Page 61

61 4- fuEufyf[kr fo”k;ksa ij fVIif.k;k¡ fyf[k,A 16 t½ phuh Qsjhokyk vFkok czlsYl dh fo’ks”krk,¡ >½ dqekjfxjh vFkok ^chtxqIr* dk R;kxA 5- fuEufyf[kr iz’uksa ds ,d okD; esa mÙkj fyf[k,A 15 p½ phuh Qsjhokyk uked js[kkfp= fdlus fy[kk\ N½ phuh dh ek¡ dh e`R;q dc gqbZ\ t½ pus D;k gksrs gSa\ >½ ‘ks[kj dk nksLr dkSu gS\ V½ fdl laLFkk us vdky esa enn dh\ Fk½ vkRedF; esa dgk¡ dk fp=.k gSa\ i½ fdldk fodkl thou dk ijeksnn~s’; gSa\ Q½ dkSu dq¡okjs Fks\ j½ Hkxorhpj.k oekZ dk tUe dgk¡ gqvk\ l½ fp=ys[kk miU;kl dh izeq[k ukf;dk dkSu gSa\ r½ dqekjfxfj vkJe esa dkSu pyk tkrk gS\ o½ chtxqIr fdls izse djrs gSa\ e½ ;’kks/kjk fdl miU;kl dh ik= gS\ m½ fp=ys[kk fdls viuk NksVk HkkbZ dgrh gS\ Ž vk;ZJs”B e`R;qat; dkSu Fks\ munotes.in